1010.15

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Auburn University *

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1010

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Religion

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Oct 30, 2023

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The Medieval Church I. Role of the Church A. Sacraments B. Charity C. Education II. Problems in the Church A. Monastic communities B. Investiture conflict Secular clergy Regular clergy Transubstantiation Cluny Gregory VII Henry IV Canossa III. Intellectual Trends A. Recovery of Aristotle B. Scholasticism and Aquinas IV. Crusades A. Causes B. Effects Abelard Urban II Salah ad-Din (Saladin) Anti-Semitism Usury When the Germanic people invaded and occupied the Roman Empire, they were paeans not Christians. The church tried to convert the Germanic peoples in the Middle Ages. It doesn’t happen overnight, but it is eventually successful ROLE OF THE CHURCH: The church was so successful because of the sacraments In the Middle Ages they believed there was no salvation outside of the church What that means is there is no way of going to heaven without the benefit of the clergy The clergy channeled God’s grace to the individual via the sacraments The invention of the clergy is crucial in this process. They had benefit of the sacrament of ordination. One of the most important sacraments is communion Communion involved a miracle – transubstantiation meaning that when one went to receive communion the priest performed a miracle The miracle is that he transformed the bread and wine of communion into the body and blood of Christ. This miracle is crucial in ones salvation
This role being the crucial between god and the believer gave the church enormous power over the people – they became most important power in the empire They started to look after other needs when no other group of people would The clergy were responsible for charity, The relief of the poor was strictly done by the church Any medical attention was at the hands of the clergy So many priest got the bubonic plague because they were tending to the sick They church was also the only institution that provided and preserved education Medieval Europe was practically illiterate What education that did occur, was at the hands of the church Certain cathedrals in Europe had schools that would teach the basics to younger persons Out of those school came the European universities PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH: The secular clergy lives out in society and administers the sacraments The regular clergy is called so because they live by a regula They do not live out in society and they spend their time in prayer and meditation. Through their collective effort, it was their prayer that was suppose to save everyone Some of the ministries had become the dumping grounds for the younger sons and daughters of the noble families Most of the families tried to fine inexpensive ways in which they could find a future for their children Now you have situations where people are not there by their own choice, and they tend to not take their vows as seriously. They tend to be spiritually lax There are a lot of people now criticizing the monastic communities and people called for a reform In France, the church established a new type of monastery (Cluny) that is designed to prevent problems Cluny became a model for other communities to follow The investiture conflict refers to choosing an individual for their office. There was a hierarchy to the church and there were a lot of coveted positions – they came with power, status, and income There was a struggle between the kings of Europe and the popes on who got to the choosing of who got these coveted positions Theoretically it should be the choice of the church, but the kings were trying to dominate the church in their countries The papacy comes out on top for several centuries Henry IV (the holy roman emperor) tried to appoint bishops and archbishops in the Germanic territory Pope Gregory VII warned him not to do this because it wasn’t his prerogative Henry persisted and Gregory threatened to excommunicated him and not allow his people to take the sacraments
The holy roman emperor then walked bare foot in the snow through Canossa to beg the forgiveness of the pope The medieval cathedral was an incredible phenomenon that showed the power of the church People would spend centuries building elaborate cathedrals which shows how important the church and salvation were to Medieval peoples Stained glass windows were a common thing in medieval churches. Each window was used to tell a biblical story – they were there to help educate the illiterate masses of the Bible INTELLECTUAL TRENDS: Intellectual trends are completely dominated by religious trends Scholasticism was triggered by a recovery of Aristotle At this point, Aristotle was unknown to the European peoples The Arabs were the only people at the time reading Aristotle, and because of trade with them Europeans became exposed Aristotle was a pagan and some of his ideas contradicted the Christian church. The initial response was to tell people not to read it, but of course that did not work People then realized there was something special about his intellect, there was syllogism and deductive reasoning It inspired them to think differently about Christianity—faith vs. reason Abelard was inspired by Aristotle. He decided that he needed so understand what he was believing in order to actually believe it Thomas Aquinas needed to be able to understand things logically. He wanted things to make sense before he would believe in it. He believed deep in his heart that the principles of Christian doctrine were not just matters of faith, but that they could be logically demonstrated and proven Scholasticism is the effort to prove the logic of Christina doctrine, to reconcile faith and reason (in a sense through Aristotle) On a lot of issues they went hand in hand Sometimes they didn’t match—like on immortality of the soul Christians believed that when the body died one may enjoy salvation or punishment (the soul lives on after the body died) Aristotle believed that the soul gives meaning and purpose to the body, but when the body dies the soul goes with it and doesn’t have a separate existence from the body Aquinas then decided that Aristotle was sometimes guilty of faulty logic Aquinas creates an alternate syllogism all human beings have a desire to live forever, everything in nature has a purpose, therefore that desire is to be fulfilled. In other words, immortality of the soul exists The church fully supported Aquinas and scholasticism because it is not only a matter of Christian faith, but it can also be proven CRUSADES:
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The Arabs were the super traders of the world at that time, and eventually this creates a conflict with the Christian community A series of expeditions were went on in an effort to retake the Holy land from the Arabs In the late 11 th century, Pope Urban II preached about the crusade In a church council in 1096, Christian warriors were asked to go to the holy land and take it back from the Muslims He said that if you died in battle you would ascend to heaven immediately Essentially, Urban wanted a jihad against the Muslims The only crusade that was successful was the first one Eventually, Salah ad-Din (Saladin) takes back what was taken during the 1 st crusade Back in Europe is actually fanned the flames of anti-Semitics Europe is totally Christian, but there are pockets of Jewish populations By the 13 th century, the idea of fighting the infidel became an idea of fighting the Jews in Europe Christians were not allowed to lend money and charge interest (usury) The Christian church said that this is not a good thing because you are making a profit at someone else’s expense There were not any Christian bankers, instead the Jews who fell outside the control of the church were able to loan money and charge interest People began to feel more hostility towards the Jews and the church relaxed its position more on usury and that feed up European society to discriminate against the Jews The Jews were literally run out of western Europe

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