Chapter 3

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Chapter 3 - Christianity Terms God exists in trinity – The son, father, Holy spirit Baptism – The rite of initiation into the community Eucharist – The last meal Jesus shared with his disciples before his death Liturgy- A prescribed form for the sacrament of the eucharist in the context of a fellowship meal and prayers that are clearly adapted from the Jewish models 1.What type of information is contained within the gospel accounts? How is Jesus depicted? Why is Jesus crucified? What is the resurrection? What type of information is contained within the gospel accounts? The gospel accounts are track records of the life events of Jesus christ, for understanding, stories about the resurrection and the death of Jesus christ How was Jesus Depicted? Jesus is depicted as the Messiah for the Christians Why is Jesus Crucified? Jesus was crucified because of his controversial message to the people of those times i.e Roman emperor What is the Resurrection? The resurrection is the Jesus being raised from the dead back to life 2. How does Paul go about proselytizing throughout the Mediterranean? He went about proselytizing throughout the Mediterranean by writing letters to different communities, he says what they were doing wrong and their practice of the Judaism law in Christianity, so he wrote letter to them. He wrote letter to those communities to correct them 3 . Why does Paul write letters to certain communities and what type of issues do these letters address? The Pauline epistles gave clear instructions on the early followers of Jesus as to the shape that a Christian life should take. He wrote letter to instruct, admonish, and exhort them to engage the right belief system and practice. 4. What is a martyr ? Why were early Christians ‘martyred’ by the Romans? What was the significance of martyrdom? A martyr is killed because of their religious belief, The Jews and the Christians could not acknowledge any other god apart from their God, thereby refusing to offer sacrifices to the emperor at that time. So, they we killed because of their disobedience. 5 . What is the Edict of Milan declared by Constantine? How did this effect the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire? The Edict of Milan is the letter signed by Constantine that proclaimed religious

toleration in the Roman Empire → stopped Christian persecution → allowed Christian spread to increase 6. What happens at the council of Nicaea? What are the main theological tenets established at this council? Nicaea → whether Jesus had the same substance as God or similar substance Why does Constantine call this council of bishops? 7 . What is Gnosticism? How does it differ from proto-Orthodox Christianity? a worldview that influenced many ancient religions, including Christianity. Separated the idea of God into three co-equal persons of one divine substance: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. ・ Gnosticism stated that God the creator was a lesser being than God the supreme being → this goes against the idea that the Trinity is equal and 1 God What are Docetists? Docetists – this is a belief system that proposes that God could not have been humiliated on a cross, and therefore the apparent suffering of Jesus could not have been real 8. What are baptism and the Eucharist? What are baptism and the Eucharist? ・ Baptism: the rite of initiation into the Christian community ・ Eucharist: the shared symbolic meal, which became part of the weekly worship life of the community Explain each ritual and its religious significance. 9. Why were Cyril and Methodius successful at bringing Christianity to the Slavic people? Language played an important part in their success, for they used local vernaculars rather than Greek, and this encouraged the development of independent local churches with a strong sense of national identity based on language. ・ They preached in the vernacular and translated the Bible and liturgy into Slavonic. 10. What is the impetus for the Crusades? How does Pope Urban II convince people to go and ‘Reclaim the holy land’? ・ The city was captured by the Seljuq Turks, who as recent converts to Islam were less accommodating than the Arabs had been. The Byzantine emperors felt threatened and appealed to the West for help. In 1095 Pope Urban II

responded by proclaiming what would become the first in a series of “crusades” to liberate the holy places of Palestine. Participation was framed as a sacred pilgrimage and encouraged by promises that those who died in the attempt to free the Holy Land would be honored as martyrs 11. How did the medieval Christian Church define heresy? ・ Eckhart’s mysticism is unitive, seeking to dissolve distinctions between self and God. believed that human beings are created in the image of God. 12 . Explain the differences between scholasticism and mysticism. Why was mysticism more accessible to women during the medieval period than scholasticism or formal study? Scholasticism was a school of thought that developed to reconcile the philosophy of ancient Greece and then Rome with Christian theology. a method of philosophical and theological speculation ・ Aquinas - Aquinas identified five “ways” of proving God’s existence, most of which involved describing some feature of the material world and arguing that such a world could not exist without a God ・ Mysticism is a specific tradition that emphasizes the certainty of profound personal experience. Typically, mystics are certain of God not because of some logical proof but because they have experienced a moment of intense, vivid awareness. ・ Eckhart’s mysticism is unitive, seeking to dissolve distinctions between self and God. believed that human beings are created in the image of God. 13 . Who were the Franciscans? Explain their way of life and how they became a legitimate monastic group within the Catholic tradition . Within a few years, Clara of Assisi had formed a Franciscan women’s order known as the Poor Clares. An offshoot of the Franciscans called the Capuchins drew up their own rule in 1529 and are still known today for them soup kitchens, which offer free meals in impoverished neighbourhoods.

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・ Francis of Assisi (1182–1226) grew up as the privileged son of a wealthy cloth merchant in central Italy, but a serious illness in his twenties led him to rethink his life. On a pilgrimage to Rome, he was so moved by the beggars outside St Peter’s Basilica that he exchanged clothes with one of them and spent the day begging for alms. When he returned to Assisi, he dedicated his life to serving the poor. 14 . What is a saint and why are they important in the Catholic Church? ・ Thought to possess merit or virtue, saints could be powerful allies in the quest for spiritual benefit. 15 . Who was Martin Luther? Explain the main critiques that Martin Luther leveled at the Catholic Church. complaints against Church practices that he deemed lacked scriptural authority, for example, the sale of indulgences . 16. Define the following doctrines: sola fide, sola scriptura, and the priesthood of all believers . Sola scriptura - the belief that ultimate religious authority rests in scripture ・ Sola fide - Justification by faith alone ・ The priesthood of all believers - which stated that there was no difference between the clergy and the laity. This meant that the laity had authority to interpret scripture, and that scriptural interpretation was not the sole prerogative of the Papacy 17. What effect did the invention of the printing press and Luther’s German Bible have on the spread of the Reformation? made that scripture accessible to the people in a way that could not have been imagined Luther’s commitment to the idea that ordinary people should have access to scripture also led him to translate the Latin Bible known as the Vulgate into the German vernacular of the people. As well, worship services in the new Protestant churches were conducted in the local language 18. Compare the following churches (similarities and differences): Lutheran, Calvin, Swiss Reform, and the Anabaptists. Be sure to define the Calvin doctrine of predestination. 19. Why did Henry VIII choose to renounce the authority of the Pope and join the Reformation movement? ○ Because he needed to divorce his wife (who was heavily influenced by Protestant

thinking) and the Pope (and, by extension, the catholic church) refused to grant him the permission to divorce ■ Caused a schism between England and Rome; caused the formation of the Church of England 20. How did the Catholic Church address Protestant critiques at the Council of Trent? 21. Explain how deism, philosophy, and science in the Enlightenment period challenged normative church doctrine. 22. How are Evangelicals different from Pentecostals? ・ Evangelicals, resist modernism, the desire to work for a better society. Not insisted on the literal inerrancy of scripture ・・ Pentecostals, be inclusive across racial and gender line and began preaching the imminent return of Jesus to mixed race crowds. Speaking in tongues and interpretation of tongues, a divine healings and prophecy were interpreted as signs to community members that God was with them. 23. What are the five principles of the Fundamentalist movement? The inerrancy of scripture ・ The divinity of Jesus Christ. ・ The virgin birth. ・ The substitutionary theory of the atonement (the idea that Christ died in us place, and in so doing paid the debt we owe God for our sins). ・ And the physical resurrection and second coming of Christ. 24 . Describe the main changes that came about because of Vatican II. 25. What is ecumenism and why is this the focus of some Christian denominations?

Chapter 3

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