Sociology Exam Review (my version)

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Sociology Exam Review (my version) (I recommend doing all readings she suggests) (I also, recommend looking at the lectures for any terms you can’t explain here) Jan 17/19: Family IS: Excerpts from Chapter 14: Sections 14.1 and 14.2 only Readings: - Acosta, Katie L. “We Are Family.” Contexts, vol. 13, no. 1, Feb. 2014, pp. 44–49, doi:10.1177/1536504214522008. - Lan, Pei-Chia. 2019. "Raising Global Children Across the Pacific." Contexts 18(2):42-47 Pay particular attention to being able to understand and give examples of these key terms and to answering these study questions. Terms From the Textbook: Marriage : legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship, and implying a permanence of the union macro, meso, and micro approaches to studying family: Macro : checking global patterns (ei. how have family forms changed throughout history?) Micro : (dynamics amongst individuals within families, ei. How does a wife do certain things differently from the husband) Meso : (Dynamics among groups, ei. How do peers influence choices of partners? (ei. Your friend group has a ideal man for you, and they influence your decision/ other family members expecting you to act a certain way for your family and putting pressure on you) exchange theory : when each person is contributing to a relationship and bringing in things to support one another (ei. Skills, money, experiences) monogamy/polygamy: polygamy : more than two people can be involved in a relationship/ monogamy : two people in a marriage only Kinship : blood and/or governmental relationship between individuals family life cycle vs. family life course: family life cycle : The set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time (there’s a chart that states the different stages of a married couple with kids, and how they’re referred to differently as they children age) family life course : A sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages. functionalist approach to studying marriage and family : Functionalists see the family as one of the essential building blocks for stable societies. They tend to see the nuclear

family as the ideal family for industrial societies and argue that it performs positive functions such as socializing children and providing emotional security for parents. (if families are no longer nuclear then it will show a shift in society) critical sociology approach to studying marriage and family : Socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society. (They look at macro, meso and micro approaches to studying family) (they look for inequality in family dynamics, and universally) Symbolic Interactionist approach to studying marriage and family: (looking at what family means to people, their cultures beliefs etc) What are some critiques of the functionalist approach to defining and understanding families? : Downplaying Conflict. Being out of Date. Ignoring the exploitation of women. Functionalism is too deterministic. What are the trends in each of the following (not specific statistics, just whether they are increasing/decreasing/staying the same): - Traditional nuclear family (husband, wife, children) : - Standard family (mother, father and children all in the same house): decrease - Single parents: increase - Cohabitation: increase - Same-sex couples: increase - People staying single: increase Typology : a way of describing a group through a specific type of behaviors or attitudes (ei. Having 3 students (group) and then sub-grouping them based off of their attitudes towards school (Nerd; someone who enjoys school and tries hard, Drop-out/slacker Someone who doesn't care about school and would rather to other things) Be able to answer these questions: From the article "Raising Global Children Across the Pacific." ● What does the term "concerted cultivation" mean and how does it apply to the families described in the article? - Talks about how we know there are different forms of ideals and cultures that are valued so we are putting effort onwards them. (i know my kid will benefit if they speak french so they have exposure to it and it will help them later in life) making an effort to cultivate other cultures/ behaviours ● What differences are there between how families in Taiwan and families who have immigrated to the U.S. from Taiwan approach creating cultural capital? Why are they different? - From the article "We Are Family" ● What did the author's research on sexually nonconforming Latinas reveal about the ways that they try to negotiate acceptance from their families? What strategies did they use? ● Why does the author say that these women attempted to gain acceptance rather than distance themselves from their families?

From lecture: What are some specific negative consequences of legally defining marriage and family? - Prohibits gay marriage (example pf sharron, she had a gf but couldnt get married due to law, then sharron got into an accident and became disabled. Her gf couldn't take care of her due to legal issues and so sharon's father separated them and took care of sharon alone) (lesbian couple w kids, the partner and kids weren't allowed to visit because of no biological and legal connection (adopted, plus only one partner can legally adopt them under their name) What is "fictive kin"? Explain the typology developed by Margaret Nelson Fictive kin , aka families of choice. (Are people who are not related biologically or governmentally that consider each other family) Marareget developed a typology of fictive kin by separating them into 3 categories, 1. Ritual kin, 2. Intentional kin, 3. Situational kin. Ritual : Named through rituals (god parents, or taking in a family friend who needs to be taken care of) Intentional : family-like relationships developed by others by choice (bestfriends, or LGBTQ+ family of choice) Situational : determine by circumstance, and in 4 sub-categories: - Convenience Kin (marginalized groups that look to each other for support who are thrown together in the same tough situation, sex workers and homeless) - Institutional kin (when people are living together in a separate society, having to give up their old lives to come to this society, prisoners, people living in shelter,, and psych ward patients) - Organizational kin ( within organizations, ei. Churches, coworkers, frats/sororities) - Caregiving kin (ie. hiring a nanny or caregiver that spends so much time with the family that it starts to feel like they’re a part of it/ emotional/financial connection) How do Canadian immigration policies shape the experiences of immigrant families? For women: - Flying grandmas : older women who come on visitor visas to visit adult children (could only stay for 6 months and had to return home each time for a period of time) - Study mothers : mothers who went to a secondary education institution in another country with their children to separate themselves from an unhappy marriage. 2 groups: separated from their partner without getting divorce in fear that they might lose their children or lose their support. Divorced/widowed women who were being hated on in their home country for the split and weren't able to find work etc, so they moved countries In what ways do migration policies reflect gender norms? In what ways do migration policies have gendered effects?

Migration can challenge traditional gender roles when the absence of one spouse leaves the other one with both greater decision-making power and independence. What do these terms mean? Family migration : when a family moves to another country, there are 3 classes 1. Economic class : migrants who move here for the economy, better jobs etc… 2. Humanitarian class : refuges 3. Family class : those who move to a country through family sponsorship (grandma joining her children in another country, visa) Transnational families : families that are scattered across different borders Doing family : shifting the language of family from a unit to a verb, derives from the concept of family practices. It is based upon the assumptions that neither are families fixed structures, «sets of positions and statuses» Jan 24/26: Religion Readings: - IS: Excerpts from Chapter 15: - Read from the beginning of the chapter until you get to the table of the religions of the world - Then, read Sections 15.2 and 15.3 Pay particular attention to being able to understand and give examples of these key terms: 4 dimensions of religion: beliefs, ritual, spiritual experience/connection, community Marx's views on religion (focus on capitalization and alienation): Has a spiritual response to a condition of alienation, Durkheim's (functionalist) views on religion: sacred/profane, totem, collective consciousness, collective effervescence: Profane : everyday sacred stuff Weber's views on religion (critical theory): believes it’s intertwined with capitalism, He also believed that modernism declined the beliefs religion disenchantment of the world: the elimination of a superstitious or magical relationship to nature and life Protestant ethic and capitalism Berger – sacred canopy, pluralism, privatization of belief, secularization: Berger’s approach to religion is based on the phenomenological perspective in sociology. Phenomenologists study the ways in which the world, and ourselves within it, first come to presence in experience and only later become separate objects, social structures or selves.

For Berger, religion therefore provides an “ultimate shield” for humanity—a sacred canopy –because it protects the meaningful world of the cultural order and fixes it in place by reference to a divinity that exists outside of the fragile human order. He stated that religion is a culture created by humans, and that we have this idea of religion that protects us from instability. For it to work we have to forget that we created it in the first place. Rational choice theory of religion: Rational choice theory states that the most basic human motive is individual self- interest, and that all social activities are a product of rational decision making in which individuals continuously weigh the benefits of choices against their costs - Rational choice theory of religion : Stark proposes that “as societies become older, larger and more cosmopolitan they will worship fewer gods of greater scope” Feminist approaches to religion: religion’s contribution to misogyny; gendered power relationships in religion Theorists within this area of study look at religion’s contribution to the oppression or empowerment of women within society, as well as provide analyses of the challenges that women face within different religious practices Woodhead’s 4 strategies that women use to negotiate gender and religion 1. The consolidating strategy of women who accept the existing gendered distribution of power within their religion as a means of affirming and consolidating the security and predictability that traditional gender roles provide; 2. The tactical strategy of women who take part in and use religion in order to have the intimate interaction and support of other women; 3. The questing strategy of women who seek out different forms of religion like New Age spiritualities, meditation or Wikka in order to find fulfillment through an inner spiritual quest (rather than addressing the social power structures of religion directly); 4. The counter-cultural strategy of women that reject traditional religion and create religious communities that focus on empowering women (eg. the goddess feminist movement of Starhawk and others). Secularization and its three types: Secularization : the decline of the importance of religion societal secularization (macro) : the separation of religion from politics “the shrinking relevance of the values, institutionalized in church religion, for the integration and legitimation of everyday life in modern society.” organizational secularization (meso) : the efforts made by religious organizations themselves to update their beliefs and practices to reflect changes in contemporary life individual secularization (micro) : manifested in the decline of church commitment

Religious "nones" : refers to a person who chooses the category “none” on surveys about religious affiliation. They consist of atheists, agnostics, and people who simply say they subscribe to no religion in particular Wuthnow's three types of individual response to religious diversity Societal level responses to religious diversity: exclusion, assimilation, pluralism Weber believed that modernization leads to demystification (less mystical = due to science = less room for questioning) and a decline of religion And, make sure that you can answer this study question based on your reading. Give specific details and practice defining terms in your own words. ● What are some contrasting ideas about secularization? From lecture: What are the key characteristics of Durkheim's (functionalist) view of religion and Marx's (critical perspective) view of religion? What are the critiques of each approach? Critical perspective : Sees religion as an illusion and substitutes for happiness, basically saying that their lack of knowledge brings them comfort. He argues that religion is a form of social control, keeps people submissive, maintains inequality and that religion would disappear after the revolution. Critiques : ignores the positive roles of religion, ignores how some religions challenge inequality Functionalist view: helps maintain order for a smooth functioning of society. Functionalists say that religion provides: stability and belonging, social identities, social control, serves purpose and meaning and social services (schools, food banks connected to the church or help the people) The critiques of functionalism : religion has been a source of war, divided ppl, colonization, sexism, discourage independent thinking, does not address other identities, don't talk about class, power or gender, functionalists don't expect room for agency How does the Protestant ethic relate to capitalism? (Also covered in your textbook) believes it’s intertwined with capitalism, he believed in these terms: predestination : it’s already decided if you're going to heaven or not. The calling : the work you do in this world to get into heaven Signs : if you are successful in life then you are in god's favor asceticism : the idea that it's better to save money than spend it. All these terms tie into capitalism, by working hard and earning money and that not everyone is going to be successful and that there will be a hierarchy. Favors capitalism In what ways do religions accommodate or resist secularization? How does Lyn Davidman's study of Orthodox Jewish women illustrate this?

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