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STUDY GUIDE SWAY OVERVIEW According to the overview, theory is a statement about what? According to the overview, scientific theory is distinguished by its focus on what kind of “somethings”? According to the overview, something is empirical if you can do what to it? According to the overview, is the “something” that affects something else the independent or dependent variable? According to the overview, is the “something” affected by something else the independent or dependent variable? According to the overview, a theory is better if it is more valid and more of what else? According to the overview, is crime the independent or dependent variable in criminological theory? True or false (according to the overview): The vast majority of criminological theories make statements about why communities, individuals, and situations are more likely to have or commit crime. True or false (according to the overview): Criminological theories only focus on empirical somethings. True or false (according to the overview): Criminology is a discipline. According to the overview, the current section of the course focuses on which discipline(s)? True or false (according to the overview): Bentham argues that people do things to gain pleasure and gain pain. According to the overview, what words are synonymous with benefit? According to the overview, what words are synonymous with cost? According to the overview, what are the potential sources of good and bad stuff that people experience? According to the overview, deterrence is basically what? According to the overview, the government uses what to deter?

True or false (according to the overview): Theories and crime control methods are only good enough if they are perfect. According to the overview, does Bentham, Gibbs, or Clarke and Cornish focus on deterrence in specific ways rather than big ways? According to the overview, what is/are the dependent variable of the theories examined in this section? According to the overview, what is/are the independent variable of the theories examined in this section? According to the overview, people commit more crime is doing so has what? True or false (according to the overview): Rational choice theory is only used to at the community- and individual-level of analysis. BENTHAM. PRINCIPLES OF MORALS & LEGISLATION Note: thought the following say “According to Bentham,” the wording for the quiz questions will actually come from the summaries I made. According to Bentham, people act based on what? Pleasure and pain, point out what we should be and act as we do. According to Bentham’s principle of utility, an action is better to the extent it increases what of an actor? Pleasure or reduces their pain. According to Bentham, utility refers to what? More please and less pain True or false (according to Bentham): A community is a real thing, not fictitious. False it is not a real thing and it is fictitious According to Bentham, a government action has utility if it does what? If it increases more good stuff than bad stuff for the community population According to Bentham, what makes a person partisan to the principle of utility ? If he/she approves of something based on the extent to which it increases the good stuff or decreases the bad stuff for a community. According to Bentham, if an action conforms to the principle of utility, then you can say what of it? You can say that the action should be done or at least you should not say that it should not be done.

True or false (according to Bentham): His theory of utility can be tested. False, you can’t test it because it’s the basis of everything. According to Bentham, laws should be solely made and enforced to do what? To increase the good stuff and decrease the bad stuff in a community. Know the definitions of the following types of sanctions (according to Bentham): Physical sanction-good or bad stuff that naturally results. Political sanction-good or bad stuff that govt. officials do to people. Moral sanction-good or bad stuff other than govt. officials do to other people. Religious sanction-good or bad stuff that a supernatural being does to people. True or false (according to Bentham): Government officials should only concern themselves with political sanctions, not the other types. false According to Bentham, for any given person, good and bad stuff varies in what four ways? Intensity, duration, likelihood, and swiftness. According to Bentham, figuring the utility of an act that affects the community involves quantifying, adding, and comparing the resultant good stuff with the bad stuff. What makes an act good? Good stuff leads to good things and feeling good. According to Bentham, what are the four goals of legal punishment that relate to the principle of utility? Prevent offenses, prevent the offenses that cause more bad stuff than others, prevent offenders from doing more bad stuff than needed during any given offense, and do all the above in the cheapest way possible. True or false (according to Bentham): If the value of committing a crime is greater than the value of punishment, the offender will not commit the crime. False. True or false (according to Bentham): It is a certainty that punishment will prevent an offense. False it is a possibility. True or false (according to Bentham): To prevent offenses that cause more bad stuff relative to other offenses [see second goal], the worse offenses should have a greater value of punishment than do less bad offenses. True . True or false (according to Bentham): To prevent offenders from doing more bad stuff than needed during any given offense, each part should have its own punishment, and the worse parts should have a equal value of punishment as the less bad parts. False. True or false (according to Bentham): Everyone who commits a particular crime should be punished the exact same way. False . According to Bentham, because the good stuff of offenses is more certain and swift, is it most practical to make punishment more certain, swift, and/or severe? True. severe

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