Chapter 1

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CHAPTER 1 What type of research involves topics that have not been researched extensively and, as such, requires initial inquiries to gain knowledge on the topic? - Explanatory Suppose a researcher conducted an analysis with a specific sample that is not representative of the larger population it is within. If the researcher argues that the findings from the research apply to this larger population, which type of error is he or she committing? - Overgeneralization This type of research seeks to examine mechanisms behind social phenomena, such as assessing why crime rates are higher in some areas than they are in others. - Explanatory "Experiential Reality" is best defined as: - the things we know from direct experience. Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of: - agreement reality. There are two primary sources of secondhand knowledge representing "agreement realities." These sources are: - tradition and authority. If an individual assigns general meaning to a pattern that is observed among a few similar events, they are committing what type of error? - Overgeneralization If an individual who is conducting a research study pays more attention to observations that agree with his or her general understanding of some topic of study, what kind of error is this person committing? - Selective observation If a researcher chooses a topic of study that has not been widely researched before, he or she is beginning what kind of research? - Exploratory The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) compiled by the FBI is an example of what kind of research? - Descriptive Suppose a researcher were interested in studying the Uniform Crime Reports, but particularly the kinds of characteristics of different geographic areas that may help to explain why some crime rates are higher or lower than others. What type of research is he or she conducting? - Explanatory This type of research involves simple observation and the description of those observations, and is often used to summarize the scope of a crime problem: - Descriptive If a researcher conducts their research in response to the need for specific facts and findings with policy implications, they are conducting what kind of research? - Applied

CHAPTER 1 Applied research can take two forms, ____________ and _____________ analysis. - evaluation, problem Designing a research project involves all of the following steps except: - overgeneralization - Conceptualization is best defined as: - the mental process of making imprecise and fuzzy notions more specific and precise. Operationalization is best defined as: - the process of developing operational definitions that describe how actual measures will be made. A researcher is studying police interactions with citizens, and is interested in how individuals rate their experiences with police officers in relation to their perceived "fairness" of the interaction. Before the researcher conducts their study, they first develop a more precise notion of what they mean by "fairness." This process is known as: - Conceptualization Which stage of the research process can feed back into a researcher's initial interests, ideas, and theories, which can result in a new round of scientific inquiry? - Analysis This stage of the research process involves the actual collection of empirical data: - Observations The final stage of the research process involves using the research conducted and conclusions reached, to communicate findings in the form of written or oral reports: - Application Tradition is an important source of secondhand knowledge that: - represents the inheritance of culture made up of firmly accepted knowledge about the workings of the world. Authority is an important source of secondhand knowledge that: - represents the acceptance of new knowledge that depends upon the status of the discoverer. General strategies of reviewing literature include all of the following except: - replicating an existing study When reading a journal article, students should begin with the following section of the article, which tells you about the research, methods used, and major findings: - Abstract Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular: - Patterns This section of a research proposal provides details on the subjects to be used in the study and the sampling methods that will be used to select study participants: - subjects for study

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