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Antonio Rivera Jr Workplace Writing II. 09-22-2023 Persuasive Proposal When crime is rampant in your neighborhood, the police will help, but will adding more police help deter the crime from even happening? Police are a symbol that helps fight crime. When crime is high, we can deter it by using that symbol to stop the crimes before they happen. However, the question is, will increasing the number of police patrols really make a difference? By exploring if police presence adds safety or decreases safety, we will get an accurate picture of how police affect crime. police presence does reduce crime in residential neighborhoods; a recent study found that “… a 10% decrease in police presence at that location results in a 7% increase in crime.” (Weisburd, 2021). According to the study, when reducing police presence, we can see a rise in crime, which means police presence does reduce crime. Police presence can help deter crime from just their presence, and well-thought-out patrol routes will help target high-crime areas. There have been many studies into whether there is a direct link between the amount of police on patrols and crime. Police act as a symbol of general deterrence. At the same time, they enforce the law, according to deterrence theory, by elevating either the risk (general deterrence) of being caught in the act or the severity (specific deterrence) of punitive action, which deters offenders from committing a criminal act as expected (M Dau et al., 2021). Who will pay for the extra police needed to help protect our neighborhoods? Taxpayers already fit the bill for the current police salary; adding extra police puts a higher burden on the

taxpayers. Fines and citations will help supplement some of the fees by adding more police. Still, ultimately, taxpayers will pay for the extra police. Extra police equal extra protection. Using GPS tracking, we can track police on their beats and ensure they are following the patrol and/or working. GPS tracking of police activities allows for precise measurement of presence, and using big data analyses can shed new light on conventional assumptions about police work. Previous research has shown that not all data types allow collecting information on police presence (M Dau et al., 2021). This will help taxpayers know that their money is being used for the benefit of the community. Keeping transparency with taxpayers will help them feel more at ease while also giving us the funds we need to add more police to our neighborhood, thus making them safer. Businesses will benefit from more police activity, making these businesses safer and thus more able to serve customers. In neighborhoods with high crime activity, the simple luxuries of ordering a pizza are an issue. Criminals learn from their past actions, which causes them to become innovative and create new schemes and scams to earn a living. For instance, a local incident in Harford County, MD, made local businesses feel unsafe. After getting a call for a fake order, a pizza delivery driver was robbed and killed in a nearby neighborhood after being shot by two men as he arrived to deliver the pizza (Harford County Sheriff’s Office, 2022). There have also been several other local robberies that resulted from fake delivery calls. Thus, adding more police presence will help deter criminals from pulling this kind of stunt. When the police are nearby, it is also easier to catch a crime in the act of it happening. In the study done in 2021, it was found that from an economic perspective, there was no proof in this natural experiment that more police presence causes reported crime rates to decline (M Dau et al., 2021). The critical statement lies in the wording of reported crimes. The study did

not know that crime was improved by the presence of police in the number of reported crimes. However, if a person were going to call and report a crime, they would not need to report it if a cop was already present. That means the cops' presence will not affect the number of reported crimes but can reduce a person's waiting time. Cops are likelier to be near a call if they are already patrolling the high-crime areas. Also, police presence may deter the need to report a crime because the police may already be in the neighborhood, preventing future crimes from happening. By increasing police presence, police can better assist the public because they are patrolling in high crime areas, and response times for calls should be faster. Not every stop will result in an arrest, so to correctly measure, we must count all calls, not just ones that lead to a successful conviction or an arrest. A study was done on New York's stop-and-frisk policy to see the results of increasing police presence. By the end of 2012, 6-7% of recorded stops resulted in an arrest, and another 5-6% in summonses (Rosenfeld & Fornango, 2017). Just 0.10% of stops in New York between 2009 and 2012 resulted in a conviction for a violent crime; nearly half of those arrested were either not prosecuted, had their cases dismissed, were adjourned in contemplation of dismissal, or were found not guilty (Schneiderman, 2013, p. 3) (Rosenfeld & Fornango, 2017). Critics claimed that the Terry standard of reasonable suspicion was not met in a significant portion of the stops reported by the NYPD due to the low yield of arrests and prosecutions from SQFs because "nearly nine out of ten stopped-and-frisked New Yorkers have been completely innocent" (New York Civil Liberties Union, 2014) (Rosenfeld & Fornango, 2017). Police are humans with specialized training in reacting to situations with a cool head and performing a judgment call in certain situations. All humans suffer from natural forms of bias and prejudices built into our values. Maryland has an estimated population of just over 6 million

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people as of 2019, which is slightly more diverse by race than the entire U.S. population (27.5% of whom identify as non-White or multiracial in Maryland versus 44.5% nationally) (Bailey, 2021). Black or African American people make up the most significant proportion of the non- White population in both the State and the country, with 29.9% of the State population identifying solely as such and another 1.4% identifying as belonging to more than one race, including Black or African American (Bailey, 2021). 31 civilian deaths involving the police occurred in 2019, involving 62 police officers in total, of which 18 were deemed homicides by the authorities (Governor's Office of Crime Prevention, Youth, and Victim Services (GOCPYVS), 2020) (Bailey, 2021). In other words, over half, or 56%, of the fatal shootings were racial and ethnic minorities. Of the officers involved in these deaths, 84% were White, 15% were Black, and 2% were Hispanic or Latinx. Of these 18 civilians, 50% were African American, 44% were White, and 6% were Hispanic or Latinx (Bailey, 2021). According to a recent book, “The number of African American and Latinx people in American jails and prisons today exceeds the entire populations of some African, Eastern European, and Caribbean countries.” (Muhammad, 2019, p. xii) This means that individuals who are minorities will often be unfairly targeted. Politicians and local government agencies that make policies for the police have systems in place that will help track arrest records and give statistics on minorities and their arrest records. An example of this is the system Maryland put in place to track all traffic stops. The system tracks data such as age, race, and sex of the individuals as well as the results of all said traffic stops ( Race-Based Traffic Stop Data Dashboard - Governor’s Office of Crime Prevention, Youth, and Victim Services , 2022). Businesses are safer with increased police presence, encouraging consumers to shop more, benefiting both long-term. We have already established that with more police presence, we have

safer neighborhoods. Neighborhoods with more crime have more theft, which comes in two forms. Theft from a business and theft from an average citizen. Increasing patrols will give police a chance to patrol neighborhoods and possibly stop crime in the process of it accruing. Police can spot a criminal climbing into a window that they find suspicious and decide to investigate. This prevents a greater crime of theft from occurring. Police will also be able to respond to a convenience store robbery because their patrol had two cars precisely 2 miles away in each direction. This means patrols can respond nearly instantly if the cops are positioned further away from hot spot areas. Over-policing and under-policing are two concepts vital to the success of deterrence theory. Often, neighborhoods with higher crime rates are poorer neighborhoods with higher rates of minorities living there. When cops patrol high crime areas, they focus on these areas, and the residents often feel the pressure of the police presence. If more cops focus on one area, criminals often move to another area to conduct crime. Also, police will unfairly arrest more minorities because they patrol less of the areas where whites live. After all, crime rates are lower. They are not entirely gone but much lower than the poorer neighborhoods. When police receive too many calls and must move away from their beat, there is a chance that many police will take calls. If no one is doing patrols because of the excessive calls, then it is no longer effective as a deterrent. Police presence can significantly improve traffic control, crime prevention, and citizens' feelings of safety when police efforts are concentrated on locations, times, and crime types, according to a systematic review of 49 studies (Weisburd, 2021). There are many downsides to adding more police presence, but mainly, police biases and prejudices are a factor that is hard to ignore when the ones facing the most need are minorities. Police presence does deter crime. By presence and by deeds, police deter crime and assist when crime is being committed. Although it

may have faults, its benefits cannot be denied. Once a neighborhood is safe, police routes may be redone to refocus on the new spots where criminals have moved their activity.

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References Bailey, J. (2021). RACIAL AND EQUITY IMPACT NOTE. Department of Legislative Services Maryland General Assembly. https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/BudgetFiscal/2021RS- Maryland%20Police%20Reform%20Proposals.pdf Barthe, E., & Stitt, B. G. (2011). Impact of increased police presence in a non-criminogenic area. Police Practice and Research, 12(5), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2011.563964 Harford County Sheriff’s Office. (2022, March 5). Two Suspects in Custody For 2019 Murder of Food Delivery Driver - Harford County Sheriff's Office. https://harfordsheriff.org/news/releases/two-suspects-in-custody-for-2019-murder-of- food-delivery-driver/#:~:text=Two%20Suspects%20in%20Custody%20For %202019%20Murder%20of%20Food%20Delivery%20Driver,-Jabell %20Brodie&text=Two%20Harford%20County%20men%20are,Timothy%20Wayne %20Youngquist%20in%20Edgewood. M Dau, P., Vandeviver, C., Dewinter, M., Witlox, F., & Vander Beken, T. (2021). Policing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Efectiveness of Police Presence. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (2023), 29(2), 191–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09500-8 Muhammad, K. G. (2019). The condemnation of blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America, with a New Preface.

Race-Based Traffic Stop Data Dashboard - Governor’s Office of Crime Prevention, Youth, and Victim Services. (2022, August 3). Governor’s Office of Crime Prevention, Youth, and Victim Services. https://goccp.maryland.gov/data-dashboards/traffic-stop-data-dashboard/ Rosenfeld, R., & Fornango, R. (2017). The relationship between crime and stop, question, and frisk rates in New York City neighborhoods. Justice Quarterly, 34(6), 931–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2016.1275748 Weisburd, S. (2021). Police presence, rapid response rates, and crime prevention. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 103(2), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00889 1. How much time did you spend revising your draft? What revision strategies did you use and which worked best for you? (2-3 sentences) I spent a day revising before I received my feedback from a Sophia learning coach. Upon receiving the feedback, I could incorporate the changes the coach suggested to improve my persuasive essay. I had a tutor also review my paper so I could have peer review for errors as well as the coach to help proofread my paper. 2. List three concrete revisions that you made and explain how you made them. What problem did you fix with each of these revisions? Issues may be unity, cohesion, rhetorical appeals, content, or any other areas on which you received constructive feedback. (4-5 sentences)

Once I reread my essay, I could proofread it for minor details, but after receiving advice, I could add more information from sources to help draw some of my facts back to my main point. I created a unity with my paper so that the theme of police presence equals more protection is clear throughout, with facts linking it all together. The content was overall good with decent sources, but there are a lot of intricate details involved with police that can very easily result in a tangent in my writing. Maintaining a cohesive thought pattern ensured that my essay was focused on answering my research question and stayed on topic throughout. 3. What did you learn about your writing process or yourself as a writer? How has your understanding of the research process changed as a result of taking this course? (2-3 sentences) I am a better writer than I have given myself credit for, and I wish to continue growing. This course has helped me understand that and grow as an academic writer. The course has helped me feel more confident using credible and useful sources while keeping a strong research question to guide my thoughts.

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Antonio Rivera Jr Workplace Writing II. 09-22-2023 Persuasive Proposal When crime is rampant in your neighborhood, the police will help, but will adding more police help deter the crime from even happening? Police are a symbol that helps fight crime. When crime is high, we can deter it by using that symbol to stop the crimes before they happen. However, the question is, will increasing the number of police patrols really make a difference? A larger police force causes more bias and prejudice, although police presence does reduce crime in residential neighborhoods; a recent study found that “… a 10% decrease in police presence at that location results in a 7% increase in crime.” (Weisburd, 2021). More police equals less crime, and less crime equals a safer neighborhood. Police presence can help deter crime from just their presence, and well-thought-out patrol routes will help target high-crime areas. There have been many studies into whether there is a direct link between the amount of police on patrols and crime. Police act as a symbol of general deterrence. At the same time, they enforce the law, according to deterrence theory, by elevating either the risk (general deterrence) of being caught in the act or the severity (specific deterrence) of punitive action, which deters offenders from committing a criminal act as expected (M Dau et al., 2021). Who will pay for the extra police? Taxpayers already fit the bill for the current police salary; adding extra police puts a higher burden on the taxpayers. Fines and citations will help supplement some of the fees by adding more police. Still, ultimately, taxpayers will pay for the

extra police. Extra police equal extra protection. Using GPS tracking, we can track police on their beats and ensure they are following the patrol and/or working. GPS tracking of police activities allows for precise measurement of presence, and using big data analyses can shed new light on conventional assumptions about police work. Previous research has shown that not all data types allow collecting information on police presence (M Dau et al., 2021). This will help taxpayers know that their money is being used for the benefit of the community. Keeping transparency with taxpayers will help them feel more at ease. Businesses will benefit from more police activity, making these businesses safer and thus more able to serve customers. In neighborhoods with high crime activity, the simple luxuries of ordering a pizza are an issue. Criminals learn from their past actions, which causes them to become innovative and create new schemes and scams to earn a living. For instance, a local incident in Harford County, MD, made local businesses feel unsafe. After getting a call for a fake order, a pizza delivery driver was robbed and killed in a nearby neighborhood after being shot by two men as he arrived to deliver the pizza (Harford County Sheriff’s Office, 2022). There have also been several other local robberies that resulted from fake delivery calls. In the study done in 2021, it was found that from an economic perspective, there was no proof in this natural experiment that more police presence causes reported crime rates to decline (M Dau et al., 2021). The critical statement lies in the wording of reported crimes. The study did not know that crime was improved by the presence of police in the number of reported crimes. However, if a person were going to call and report a crime, they would not need to report it if a cop was already present. That means the cops' presence will not affect the number of reported crimes but can reduce a person's waiting time. Cops are likelier to be near a call if they are already patrolling the high-crime areas. Also, police presence may deter the need to report a

crime because the police may already be in the neighborhood, preventing future crimes from happening. By increasing police presence, police can better assist the public because they are patrolling in high crime areas, and response times for calls should be faster. Not every stop will result in an arrest, so to correctly measure, we must count all calls, not just ones that lead to a successful conviction or an arrest. A study was done on New York's stop-and-frisk policy to see the results of increasing police presence. By the end of 2012, 6-7% of recorded stops resulted in an arrest, and another 5-6% in summonses (Rosenfeld & Fornango, 2017). Just 0.10% of stops in New York between 2009 and 2012 resulted in a conviction for a violent crime; nearly half of those arrested were either not prosecuted, had their cases dismissed, were adjourned in contemplation of dismissal, or were found not guilty (Schneiderman, 2013, p. 3) (Rosenfeld & Fornango, 2017). Critics claimed that the Terry standard of reasonable suspicion was not met in a significant portion of the stops reported by the NYPD due to the low yield of arrests and prosecutions from SQFs because "nearly nine out of ten stopped-and-frisked New Yorkers have been completely innocent" (New York Civil Liberties Union, 2014) (Rosenfeld & Fornango, 2017). Police are humans with specialized training in reacting to situations with a cool head and performing a judgment call in certain situations. All humans suffer from natural forms of bias and prejudices built into our values. Maryland has an estimated population of just over 6 million people as of 2019, which is slightly more diverse by race than the entire U.S. population (27.5% of whom identify as non-White or multiracial in Maryland versus 44.5% nationally) (Bailey, 2021). Black or African American people make up the most significant proportion of the non- White population in both the State and the country, with 29.9% of the State population identifying solely as such and another 1.4% identifying as belonging to more than one race,

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including Black or African American (Bailey, 2021). 31 civilian deaths involving the police occurred in 2019, involving 62 police officers in total, of which 18 were deemed homicides by the authorities (Governor's Office of Crime Prevention, Youth, and Victim Services (GOCPYVS), 2020) (Bailey, 2021). In other words, over half, or 56%, of the fatal shootings were racial and ethnic minorities. Of the officers involved in these deaths, 84% were White, 15% were Black, and 2% were Hispanic or Latinx. Of these 18 civilians, 50% were African American, 44% were White, and 6% were Hispanic or Latinx (Bailey, 2021). According to a recent book, “The number of African American and Latinx people in American jails and prisons today exceeds the entire populations of some African, Eastern European, and Caribbean countries.” (Muhammad, 2019, p. xii) This means that individuals who are minorities will often be unfairly targeted. Businesses are safer with increased police presence, encouraging consumers to shop more, benefiting both long-term. We have already established that with more police presence, we have safer neighborhoods. Neighborhoods with more crime have more theft, which comes in two forms. Theft from a business and theft from an average citizen. Increasing patrols will give police a chance to patrol neighborhoods and possibly stop crime in the process of it accruing. Police can spot a criminal climbing into a window that they find suspicious and decide to investigate. This prevents a greater crime of theft from occurring. Police will also be able to respond to a convenience store robbery because their patrol had two cars precisely 2 miles away in each direction. This means patrols can respond nearly instantly if the cops are positioned further away from hot spot areas. Over-policing and under-policing are two concepts vital to the success of deterrence theory. Often, neighborhoods with higher crime rates are poorer neighborhoods with higher rates of

minorities living there. When cops patrol high crime areas, they focus on these areas, and the residents often feel the pressure of the police presence. If more cops focus on one area, criminals often move to another area to conduct crime. Also, police will unfairly arrest more minorities because they patrol less of the areas where whites live. After all, crime rates are lower. They are not entirely gone but much lower than the poorer neighborhoods. When police receive too many calls and must move away from their beat, there is a chance that many police will take calls. If no one is doing patrols because of the excessive calls, then it is no longer effective as a deterrent. Police presence can significantly improve traffic control, crime prevention, and citizens' feelings of safety when police efforts are concentrated on locations, times, and crime types, according to a systematic review of 49 studies (Weisburd, 2021). There are many downsides to adding more police presence, but mainly, police biases and prejudices are a factor that is hard to ignore when the ones facing the most need are minorities. Police presence does deter crime. By presence and by deeds, police deter crime and assist when crime is being committed. Although it may have faults, its benefits cannot be denied. Once a neighborhood is safe, police routes may be redone to refocus on the new spots where criminals have moved their activity.

References Bailey, J. (2021). RACIAL AND EQUITY IMPACT NOTE. Department of Legislative Services Maryland General Assembly . https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/BudgetFiscal/2021RS-Maryland %20Police%20Reform%20Proposals.pdf Barthe, E., & Stitt, B. G. (2011). Impact of increased police presence in a non-criminogenic area. Police Practice and Research , 12 (5), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2011.563964 Harford County Sheriff’s Office. (2022, March 5). Two Suspects in Custody For 2019 Murder of Food Delivery Driver - Harford County Sheriff's Office . https://harfordsheriff.org/news/releases/two-suspects-in-custody-for-2019-murder-of-food- delivery-driver/#:~:text=Two%20Suspects%20in%20Custody%20For%202019%20Murder %20of%20Food%20Delivery%20Driver,-Jabell%20Brodie&text=Two%20Harford%20County %20men%20are,Timothy%20Wayne%20Youngquist%20in%20Edgewood . M Dau, P., Vandeviver, C., Dewinter, M., Witlox, F., & Vander Beken, T. (2021). Policing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Efectiveness of Police Presence. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (2023) , 29(2) , 191–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021- 09500-8 Muhammad, K. G. (2019). The condemnation of blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America, with a New Preface . Race-Based Traffic Stop Data Dashboard - Governor’s Office of Crime Prevention, Youth, and Victim Services . (2022, August 3). Governor’s Office of Crime Prevention, Youth, and Victim Services. https://goccp.maryland.gov/data-dashboards/traffic-stop-data-dashboard/

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Rosenfeld, R., & Fornango, R. (2017). The relationship between crime and stop, question, and frisk rates in New York City neighborhoods. Justice Quarterly , 34 (6), 931–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2016.1275748 Weisburd, S. (2021). Police presence, rapid response rates, and crime prevention. The Review of Economics and Statistics , 103 (2), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00889 Provide one example of a place where you have used rhetorical appeals or source material to support your argument. How does this enhance your essay? (2-3 sentences) I used a quote from one of my sources to support my argument. The quote helped to provide credibility to the topic. By using expert's work, I can use their research from studies related to my topic. Touchstone 4 is a revision of this draft. What kind of feedback would be helpful for you as you revise? Are there parts of your draft that you’re uncertain of? (3-4 sentences) I am unsure that my main point is getting across to my audience. I am also unsure of my thesis since submitting my first thesis was the only real issue, I received feedback on during the outlining part. I hope any feedback I receive from this draft will help my final draft be a good persuasive essay.

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