Which of the following questions can be used to draw conclusions from a test
of significance? A) If p is less than the significance level alpha, then reject the null hypothesis. B) If p is greater than the significance level alpha, then reject the null hypothesis. C) If the P-value is less than the significance level alpha, then reject the null hypothesis. D) If the P-value is greater than the significance level alpha, then reject the null hypothesis. The p-value represents the probability of observing the data or more extreme
results if the null hypothesis is true. If the p-value is less than the chosen significance level (often denoted as alpha), it suggests that the observed data is unlikely to have occurred under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. Therefore, in such cases, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
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In a test of hypothesis, a small P-value provides evidence: A small p-value indicates that the observed data is unlikely to have occurred if the null hypothesis were true. Therefore, it suggests that there is strong evidence against the null hypothesis, leading to its rejection in favor of the alternative hypothesis. This supports the conclusion that there is a statistically significant difference or effect present in the data. a. against the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
A small p-value indicates that the observed data is unlikely to have occurred if the null hypothesis were true. Therefore, it provides evidence against the null hypothesis, supporting the conclusion in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
The four steps in a hypothesis test are typically:
1.
State the Hypotheses
: This step involves clearly stating the null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis (Ha or H1). The null hypothesis typically represents the status quo or no effect, while the alternative hypothesis represents what the researcher is trying to find evidence for.
2.
Formulate a Test Statistic and Sampling Distribution
: In this step, you identify an appropriate test statistic based on the type of data and hypothesis being tested. You also determine the sampling distribution under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
3.
Determine the Decision Rule and Compute the Test Statistic
: This step involves determining the criteria for rejecting the null hypothesis, typically based on a significance level (alpha) and the distribution of the test statistic. You then compute the test statistic using the observed data.
