Understanding Populations, Samples, and Statistics in Research

1 Session One: Problems Kayla Miracle-Landicho Colorado Christian University Intro to Research and Applied Statistics (MAT-250A-35002-FA23) Dr. David Delong November 19, 2023

2 Write a paragraph or two that defines and contrasts definitions of population, sample, and parameter, descriptive and inferential statistics: The definition of Population is “All Measurements of a specified group,” (Spatz, C., 2019), and can sometimes be a large unmanageable set of data. Two ways we can take manageable amounts of data are to take a Sample, which are measurements of a subset of a population (Spatz, C., 2019), or by Parameter, A “numerical or nominal characteristic of a population,” (Spatz, C., 2019). A further condensing from a sample is to take a numerical or nominal characteristic of a sample (Spatz, C., 2019), also known as a statistic, from it. We can then take that statistic and use Descriptive Statistics, “A number that conveys a particular characteristic of a set of data,” (Spatz, C., 2019), like the mean of a set of data. In contrast, we could also use Inferential Statistics, “Method that uses sample evidence and probability to reach conclusions about unmeasurable populations,” (Spatz, C., 2019), to get answers , although this method relies on the chance that a reliable set of data chosen for the sample gives accurate conclusions. Provide three examples of continuous variables and three examples of nominal variables: ● Continuous: ○ Height ○ Age ○ Temperature ● Nominal: ○ Gender ○ Eye Color ○ Blood Type

3 Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following scenario: A counselor is interested in knowing if one of the two different treatments she is using with depressed clients is more effective in reducing measures of depression in them: Independant: The two different treatments. Dependent: The measures of depression in the clients. Provide an example of a simple frequency distribution: An example of simple frequency distribution would be finding the frequency of test scores from a group of students. By arranging the scores from the best to the worst in descending order and each score frequency you get a table of information usable for presentation or use for further research. To give an example; the data could be used to determine the percentage of students passing or failing the test, or to find the average test score for the test.

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4 References Spatz, C. (2019). Exploring Statistics: Tales of Distributions .

Session 1 Problems

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