8-2 journal

(Chapter 1 Section 1)The State Education Department requires local school districts to keep these records on all students: age, race or ethnicity, days absent, current grade level, standardized test scores in reading and mathematics, and any disabilities or special educational needs the student may have.Which of the following are categorical (or qualitative) variables in these records? Student Days Absent Race or Ethnicity Age Mathematics Test Score Reading Test Score Current Grade Level Disabilities or Special Needs

Observational studies allow: population inference neither population nor causal inference both population and causal inference causal inference

4-19 Bus and subway ridership in Washington, D.C., during the summer months is believed to be heavily tied to the number of tourists visiting the city. During the past 12 years, the following data have been obtained: YEAR NUMBER OF TOURISTS (1,000,000s) RIDERSHIP (100,000s) 7 15 2 2 10 3 6 13 4 4 15 14 25 15 27