1. 2 IEEE 802. 15. 4 : Lab Analysis

Wireless network infrastructure has become just another connection method for corporate and home users alike. This rapid acceptance can be attributed from:

The market for wireless communications has experienced incredible growth over recent years and wireless LANs have rapidly become a very

Medium Access Control (MAC): The reliability of the data service, access control to the shared wireless medium, protecting the privacy of the transmitted data.

The IEEE 802.11 standard ensures that all stations, both radio-based network interface cards (NICs) and access points, implement access methods for sharing the air medium. When installing wireless LANs (WLAN), most people don't give much thought to these mechanisms. A detailed understanding of 802.11's medium access methods, however, will enable the user to deal more effectively with issues such as radio frequency interference, denial of services attacks and throughput

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a data driven technology that seeks to integrate and connect everyday devices and sensors. This data infrastructure can be used for a variety of applications such as home automation, industrial manufacturing, healthcare, and smart agriculture. Although each application is derived from a significantly different field, the underlying communication protocols are very similar and must adhere to similar constraints. The constraints of low power devices, lossy links, noisy environments, and embedded microcontrollers with limited memory and processing power. These protocols are the basis of the IoT protocol stack. They create the framework that determines how data is transferred within an IoT network [3][4]. The focus of active IoT research is shifting towards data, how data is sent, how

“IEEE 802 subdivides the data link layer into sublayers, namely the logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC) layers, which provide protocol multiplexing and a multi-access mechanism, respectively. IEEE 802 is comprised of standards with separate working groups that regulate different communication networks, including IEEE 802.1, 802.3, 802.11 and 802.15.” (Technopedia, 2014).

Wireless networking hardware requires the use of underlying technology that deals with radio frequencies as well as data transmission. The most widely used standard is 802.11 produced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). This is a standard defining all aspects of Radio Frequency Wireless networking

This layer is used to coordinate node access to the shared wireless medium. The MAC is the core of communication protocol stack which provides the basic for achieving Quality of Service (QoS) in any wireless networks. A versatile MAC should support diverse applications and different types of data such as continuous, periodic, burst and non-periodic data along with high level QoS. MAC plays a major determining factor in improving overall network performance. The fundamental task in MAC protocol is to avoid collisions and to prevent simultaneous transmissions while preserving maximum throughput, minimum latency, communication reliability and maximum energy efficiency. It is important to note that while

Various industries such as manufacturing, retail, healthcare, energy and many others support unique types of endpoints in their networks for which 802.1X supplicant software is not available. In many environments, non-802.1X endpoints can far outnumber 802.1X-capable ones.

The IEEE 802.11 is basically for the denial of service attacks and counter measures in wireless networks. The paper mainly focuses on security of 802.11 wireless networks. In this paper 802.11 standard is discussed with respect to frames types, contention resolution, physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP), Channels and security.

Under the IEEE 802 standard, each one system interface gadget (counting system cards in machines, versatile Wi-Fi-empowered gadgets, and in addition individual ports in scaffolds or switches) ought to have an all-around extraordinary 48 bit MAC address. Pieces of locations ought to be bought by an association to be allotted to the gadgets that association produces. On the other hand, in a few cases a gadget might not have an internationally extraordinary MAC address. A few purposes behind this include:

IEEE 802.11n is a revolutionizing standard which can achieve very high data rates with the introduction of MIMO technology in wireless networks and modulation schemes like OFDM.[1] Theoretically, it can achieve a maximum data rate of 600 MBPS which is nearly ten times more than its predecessor. It uses many efficient methods such as MIMO technology, OFDM scheme and many multiplexing techniques such as spatial multiplexing to bolster its quest for higher throughput. The fast growing mobile device usage also inflames the development of wireless standards. The physical and medium access control layers in wireless standards have a significant effect on the data

He is a German Professor of ‘Mobile Communication’ at University of Edinburgh, Scotland. He explained that in future a new standard of communication is required for wireless communication as current and most widely used standard Wi-Fi has some inescapable disadvantages. The term Li-Fi was also coined by him and is capable of overcoming some major bottlenecks of Wi-Fi like radio interference, bandwidth, security etc.

The old generation of electrical power grid has taken care of our needs in the past. However, as our world progress technologically, so do the expectations from different infrastructures around us. Smart grid is an initiative to completely restructure the electrical power grid to meet the current and future requirements of its clients. Upgrading our electrical power grid could bring novel security vulnerabilities into the system. Thus, security is one of the key parts in smart grid technology. Smart grid technology also puts more reliability demands on WAN (wide area network) infrastructures. [1]

This proposal recommends the implementation of Project CAWN (Campus Area Wireless Network) at the University Teknologi Mara, Kelantan branch. The following information and recommendations are necessary for the university to stay on the cutting-edge of today’s campus technology