1. What Are The Technical Challenges For Cloning A Mammal Organism?

There have been recent studies on animals where the scientist cloned the animals. Cloning is something many people are split on. Some say it is bad some say it is good. I think cloning is a bad thing. Cloning can be a bad thing in many ways. I will be covering some of those ways in this paper.

Why did scientists keep animal cloning a secret for so long? Did the scientists know that animal cloning would cause controversies? Do the bans on animal cloning actually prevent scientists from advancing cloning technology? Did scientists think that their discovery would help or even hurt the food industry? Animal cloning could help the food industry as long as its negatives do not outweigh the positives.

According to Kathleen R. Brooks and Jayson L. Lusk (2011) Animal cloning is a process in which scientists can copy the genetic or inherited traits of an animal.

Singh (2015), in the article, “Darwin's legacy II: why biology is not physics, or why it has taken a century to see the dependence of genes on the environment”, genes and environment make the organism. Darwin continuously denied the direct role of environment in the modification of heredity. His theory of evolution highlighted two arguments; one about the importance and adequacy of natural selection as the main mechanism of evolution, and the other about the role of genes versus environment in the modification of phenotype and evolution. There are two reasons for the gene versus environment debate. First, there was confusion about the role of environment in modifying the inheritance of a trait versus the evolution of that trait, and second, there was misunderstanding about the meaning of environment and its interaction with genes in the production of phenotypes. It took decades to observe that environment does not directly affect the inheritance of a phenotype, but it is nevertheless the primary mover of phenotypic evolution. Effects of genes and environment are not separate but interdependent. One cannot separate the effect of genes from that of environment, or nature from nurture (Singh,

Cloning an animal is full of controversy. However, it is an amazing feat for science and technology. This reason gives cloning a positive viewpoint for many people. Though, the act will still probably remain a controversy. Another reason is that cloning is misunderstood. Many people think that it’s something

Homeotic genes are like a “tool kit” like the statement says. Homeotic genes determine and direct the formation of body structures in an embryo. These genes are like a “tool kit” since it contains all the “tools” or in this case a homeobox that have a DNA sequence that encode amino acids. This then helps the homeotic genes’

According the Daisy, who is genetically modified cow to prevent the production of BLG protein in its’ milk, We require more than one daisy the cow in order to be successful produce cow’s milk without BLG protein in case something goes wrong with daisy, they have backup testing models so they doesn’t have to carry out the gene knockdown process each time. Therefore we carry out the Somatic nuclear Cell Transfer cloning processes using a somatic cell from Daisy the cow and by doing this processes we will end up with a calf which is an exact copy of Daisy the cow which also doesn’t contain BLG protein but there will be some trace of this protein because gene Knockdown is not 100% successful and by

most important features of development and of individuality result from the way the genes are

Given the recent advancements scientists have made, often debated topics in the field of science have become a mine of questions for those of the Christian faith. One such field is biotechnology, which is the use of organisms or biological processes to further improve human life. More specifically, the topic of cloning animals and humans. Cloning has often been fervently debated throughout the years succeeding Dolly the sheep. The image that usually surfaces in the minds of the public, when discussing cloning, is often horrific, due to the misconstrued imagery that the visual and print media have filled the public’s imaginations with. Over the years, there have been numerous scholars on both sides of the debate who bring up noteworthy questions

Animal cloning causes ethical issues about how far science should be allowed to interfere with reproduction. Animal cloning is a dangerous and harmful process for both the cloned animal and the surrogate mother. The intrusive procedures that the surrogate mother goes through to prepare her body to carry the clone and for artificial insemination are so painful that the United Kingdom requires an anesthetic to be given during the procedures. Clones have increased medical issues compared to the parent cells. The mortality rate for clones compared to non-cloned animals are extremely high and if the clone manages to survive it is often riddled with health problems. One of the scientist involved with the creation of Dolly, the first cloned mammal from an adult cell, confesses, “Even if you use the same method as consistently as you can, you may get some clones with severe abnormalities and some that have only minor ones.” Common medical problem among clones are an underdeveloped or faulty immune system, which can lead to problems like heart failure, pneumonia, respiratory problems, and lethargy. Another health concern for clones is the possibility of premature aging especially in animals cloned from adult parent cells. Scientist raise the question rather the cloned animals age starts at birth or the age at which the cell sample was taken from the parent cell. Currently scientist have not been able to determine an answer on the age of animals cloned from a parent cell, but many scientists believe after studying the clones x chromosomes and telomeres that the age of the parent cell does affect the lifespan of the clone. The medical problems that cause both the surrogate mother and the clone suffering and often death goes against the Principle of Autonomy of nonmaleficence, do no harm. There is no ethical justification for cloning animals.

Whether for good or bad, scientists are gradually getting closer to figuring out new ways to clone a human. An uproar from citizens who believe cloning is unethical has led to government officials banning scientists from experimenting on, what could have been the biggest scientific discovery. Dolly the sheep, the first ever mammal to be cloned, had caused conflict among citizens and scientists. Dolly was cloned using the nuclear transfer process, where scientists remove the DNA from an unfertilized egg and inject the DNA into the nucleus. This simple, yet complicated, process took place in 1996 and the scientific world has come a long way since. Dolly the sheep may have been “the world’s most famous sheep”, but her creation has introduced many problems. As a result of Dolly the sheep, numerous laws were passed that banned cloning and deeming it unethical.

When the subject of cloning is brought up, many people expect to see an exact replica of a person, including the same age. However, there is much more to cloning than creating an identical person from the original. A clone is defined to be a cell or organism that is genetically indistinguishable to the original cell or organism from which it is acquired (Rogers, 2015). Cloning was introduced in 1903 by Herbert J. Webber, who was an American plant scientist and used cloning in reference to plants that had been assembled through asexual propagation by horticultural methods. “Plants that are propagated asexually, whether from twigs or cuttings of other parts or from bulbs or buds, are exact genetic replicas of their parent plant” (Rogers, 2015). In nature, cloning happens all the time. Thesis: There are many different topics to cloning other than the subject that began the idea of cloning. Over the years, the topics of human cloning and animal cloning have been discussed bringing debate on ethical issues and whether there are any advantages or disadvantages.

While many see cloning as an opportunity for scientific and social advancement, those possibilities are outweighed by the many corresponding ethical dilemmas. Our modern world is overwhelmed with technology that theoretically enriches or lives or enhances its quality. Personal computers, smartphones and email come to mind. Other inventions and scientific developments, such as nuclear weapons, make us more uncomfortable due to their capability for mass destruction when placed in the wrong hands. Typically, it is easy to discern and draw that invisible line between science that is mostly beneficial to us and alleged progress that could have an overall damaging impact on the fabric of our society. When scientists in Scotland successfully cloned a mammal in 1996 – a sheep they named Dolly, in honor of American country singer Dolly Parton (Smith) – it triggered an ethical debate that lingers to this day and promises to grow more spirited in these socially permissive times.

What is Animal Cloning? It is defined as a cell, group of cells, or an organism that is produced asexually from and is identical to a single ancestor. Cloning is also known as the nuclear cloning methodology using the nuclear transfer in early 1950’s. Animal Cloning was first tried in amphibians. The main problem in animal cloning up to this time is the efficiency of the process, how effective it is for us. The recent effectiveness of Nuclear Transfer is underprivileged. The result of nuclear transfer

Cloning an animal has always been one of the most futuristic and technological advancements there has ever been in the world. Before the first mammal was cloned people thought the day of cloning a living organism would be far long from the twentieth century, and people said that it was a futuristic thought and would never become a reality. However,