11th Century Research Paper

Notes and numbers: Both Calaveras and Escalon picked up victories to begin the season. Calaveras knocked off El Capitan 44-24 and Escalon defeated Enochs 14-10. In 2016, Calaveras defeated Escalon for the first time under head coach Jason Weatherby with a 45-16 trouncing. Since 2008, the teams have met six times with Escalon winning five of them. The average score of a Calaveras versus Escalon game is 27.3-23.5 in favor of Escalon.

In 1095 Pope Urban II delivered a riveting call to arms that led to the formation of a divinely inspired army intent on retaking Jerusalem from Muslim control. He grounds this appeal on a command from God: “I, not I, but God exhorts you as heralds of Christ to repeatedly urge men of all ranks…to hasten to exterminate this vile race from our lands and to aid the Christian inhabitants” (Fulcher 66). Though Urban emphasizes the need to assist the Byzantine Christians, the hordes of common people, clergy, and nobility that answer his call have diverse motives for embarking on the crusade. The rationalization for the first crusade is revealed expressly by participants who authored chronicles. However, some of the most conclusive evidence is

During the Middle Ages in 1095, Pope Urban II influenced the first crusade in France to drive out Turks inhabiting Jerusalem with a speech. As pope, Urban II found active support for his policies and reforms among several groups: the nobility, whose mentality and interests he knew; the monks; the canons regular, for whom he became patron and legislator; and, increasingly, the bishops. Pope Urban II believed there were no other people that were better for the job but the Franks because showing the wrongdoings of humans will fully convey that the true meaning about what being Christian is and the teachings are about. As the Islamic empire grew, the Turks eventually took over Jerusalem and were actively purging the Holy Land. The pope gave an objective speech to the council of Clermont that inspired them to continue to fight for the religious freedom of Jerusalem.

Setting demonstrates the reasoning behind why Maycomb is so prejudice. Scout Finch described the setting with the following words towards the beginning of the novel, “Maycomb was the county seat of Maycomb County… Atticus’ office in the courthouse contained a checkerboard and an unsullied code of Alabama” (Lee 5). The quote reveals the setting, which is located in Alabama, a southern region of the United States. Southern states tended to support slavery and were often regarded as racist. Alabama was especially notorious for hating African Americans.

The age leading up to the first crusade is detailed by many current historians, as well as Pope Urban II, as a time period where inhabitants "rage[d] against [their own] brothers and cut each other [to] pieces" (Peters, Baldric of Dol, 31) for economic and social advancement. In spite of these references, many people today believe that the Pope instigated the crusades for the sole reason of reclaiming Jerusalem. However, other motivations such as supplementary religious factors and the chance for economic, social, and political gain also played major roles. These motivations were not experienced supremely by the Pope; in fact he needed to instill these inspirations in all Christians to evoke their will to fight. The holy land had long

After years of chaos and civil war, the the Byzantine throne was finally seized in 1081 and by Emperor Alexius I. Later in 1095, Alexius sent envoys to Pope Urban II asking for mercenary troops from the West to help confront the Turkish threat. In response to which, the Pope promptly called the Council of Clermont to take up arms to aid the Byzantines and recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. Pope Urban’s plea was met with a tremendous response, both among the military elite as well as ordinary citizens. Thus With a battle cry of "God wills it!" the Crusades were

Pope Urban II was the man responsible for starting the Crusades. Since the Byzantine emperor was beginning to lose his power to the Muslim Turks, he turned to Pope Urban for help, asking him to send troops to fight off the Turks. Pope Urban, looking to gain greater political power in Europe as well, called for a Crusade. He told Europeans that the Holy Land, Jerusalem, had been overrun by Muslims, and thus it was the responsibility for the Christians to take back the city in the name of the true Christian God.

The Crusades did not happen extemporaneously. An upsurge of newly converted nomadic Muslims, called the Turks came together challenged the vulnerable Byzantine Empire. Unable to cease further development of the Turks, Pope Urban II, leader of the Roman Catholic Church, hoped to raise an army to free the Holy Land, overtaken by the Muslim Turks. The Pope got the attention of many leaders, including, bishops, abbots, lords and kings. The decision to raise an army and crusade to Jerusalem was agreed. A Holy war was launched. (Acrobatiq, 2014)

However, Pope Urban II died before news of Christian victory in Jerusalem was able to reach Rome. Although he was not able to see the crusade through to its end, these accounts of his sermon revealed just how much power of persuasion religious leaders had at the time. They also showed that Pope Urban II saw the First Crusade as a war of liberation: liberation of the Eastern Christians and Jerusalem herself. While Crusaders, as a whole, may have initially embarked on this spiritual pilgrimage with good intentions, the waters were muddied when it came to the visceral intention of each person. As the crusade era continued, misunderstanding and hatred between the two religious groups grew. Some soldiers began to see the crusade as a quest for power, money, and personal status. The First Crusade quickly changed from Christian liberation and revival, to an intense battle between the crescent and the

The Crusades were the first tactical mission by Western Christianity in order to recapture the Muslim conquered Holy Lands. Several people have been accredited with the launch of the crusades including Peter the Hermit however it is now understood that this responsibility rested primarily with Pope Urban II . The main goal of the Crusades was the results of an appeal from Alexius II, who had pleaded for Western Volunteers help with the prevention of any further invasions. The Pope’s actions are viewed as him answering the pleas of help of another in need, fulfilling his Christian right. However, from reading the documents it is apparent that Pope Urban had ulterior motives for encouraging engagement in the war against the Turks. The

The first crusade started in autumn of 1095. Pope Urban II initiated the first crusade by calling upon his Christians to reclaim the city of Jerusalem. The Crusade was also meant to seek revenge on the followers of Islam. The followers were accused of committing crimes against “Christendom”. Pope Urbans crusade was made possible by the work of St. Augustine on Christian Violence in the past. Many Christians joined the crusade because the Pope promised rewards for the afterlife. After the fourth century, Christianity underwent a transformation when it fused with the Roman state for which warfare was essential. St. Augustine and Pope Urban enabled violence to be an option for Christians and it can be described in this quote, “For the first time in Christian history, violence was defined as a religious act, a source of grace.” After the Pope’s Christian tour, many Christians were ready to destroy everything that stood in their way.

Emperor Alexius encouraged Pope Urban to rally troops to help confront the Seljuk Turks, whom were trying to invade the Byzantine Empire, in 1081. However, Pope Urban saw it as an opportunity to take back the Holy Land. He rallied a wealthy army, by assuring people that if they went to the holy land and fought that their sins would be forgiven and would assure them a spot in heaven. With that being said, the Christian knights were influenced by Pope Urban to start a vicious and fatal war with the Muslims, which led to the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of religious wars between the Christian knights and Muslims. Christians initiated the wars, in order to gain control of the Holy Land, Jerusalem. The two eyewitness testimonies accounted by Robert of Clari and Nicetas Choniates describes the violent and atrocious acts during the Crusades. Both testimonies gave great insight on what happened before and during the fourth crusade.

Pope Urban’s passionate call to arms, whether rich or poor, created a huge influx of people from all walks of life. As Christian ideology within the period was dominated by the belief in heaven and hell, the notion that embarking on a crusade, and completing the crusade, evoked a sense of unity and determination which proved key in the crusade, especially during arduous times. During the gruelling 7 month capture of Antioch, the crusaders were then besieged by Kerbogha’s forces. The crusaders were both tired, starving and thirsty however they still fought throughout the night to keep Kerbogha’s forces out. The motivation was further increased by the claim that Peter Bartholomew had found The Holy Lance.

As mentioned before, the Seljuk Turks were interfering with Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem, causing chaos and pandemonium. They also engaged in many battles with the Byzantine Empire, and the Seljuk Turks emerged victorious. The Byzantine Emperor, Alexius was worried that his empire would crumble without the military strength and help from Western Europe. So, he went to Pope Urban II and to the Western Prince for help. He asked them for help in war against the Muslim Turks under the idea of Christendom.

At the close of the XIth century, the Crusades launched by Europe's kingdoms, headed by the papacy, had reached the height of their zeal. The people overwhelmingly came out in support of them, pledging their swords to the capture of the holy city of Jerusalem along with the entirety of the Holy Land. This enthusiasm, after all, was not without precedent; although it had failed in its ultimate objective of reclaiming Jerusalem from Arab forces, the Third Crusade succeeded in a multitude of other areas, and bolstered the resolve of the Christian world; or rather, it would have were it not for the increasingly great divide forming in a previously unified Christendom. The tensions between the Latin west and the Greek east had been present for