16th Congressional District

East Harlem is usually known for being a poor neighborhood. “In much social science literature on the neighborhood, Spanish Harlem is defined primarily by its poverty.” (Martinez).

In order to combat gerrymandering, it is important to understand how and why a district is

Without a certain degree of control over the governmental levels of power, blacks end up disproportionately dependent on white-created legislation and white administration of those laws (Pohlmann, 219). The potential dangers of gerrymandering involves the distribution of blacks into districts where they are diluted into a minority or the creation of districts where blacks are an excessive majority so that an overall district majority white can be achieved (Thornburgh v. Gingles, 31). These redistricting plans severely hindered blacks ability to vote for a representative of their choice (1). However, in order to stem the progress of racially discriminating gerrymandering, these districts are examined based on the impact and district composition

Washington Heights is a unique and ever changing neighborhood at the mezzo-level, but affects the macro and micro. It located in upper Manhattan that is north of Harlem and south of Inwood. Begins on 115th street, it is typically thought to end around Hillside Avenue. This neighborhood has the Hudson River on the west and the Harlem River to the east. New York City’s Community Planning has designated Washington Heights and Inwood as Manhattan Community District 12. These two communities are similar in their ethnic populations, make up the tip of the borough of Manhattan, and are often assessed by the government as one district. The 2003 New York City Community Health Profile reported that 270,677 people living in District 12 and “one in two

First and foremost, South-Central Brooklyn is one of the most overpopulated community within Brooklyn, it is extremely diverse with many rich cultures and traditions. Within it, lies seven neighborhoods which are Flatbush, Borough Park, Ditmas Park, Midwood, Kensington, Manhattan Terrance, and Prospect Park South. It serves Community Districts 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 17. It mostly consists of densely populated African American, Hispanic and West Indian neighborhoods. According to the 2015 U.S census bureau, the population of Brooklyn stands at 2,504,700 out of which South-Central Brooklyn has approximately 804,982 residents and it is expected to have grown gradually through the one year-period that has elapsed (United States Census Bureau, 2014). This is more than double the amount of the total number of people that was living in South- Central Brooklyn in 2000, which was only 317, 300. Presently there are 37% Caucasians, 36% African American, 16% Hispanic, 10% Asian, and 2% other (Indian) living in South-Central Brooklyn. The female population is 54.6%, and the male population is 45.4% (United States Census Bureau, 2014).

Park Avenue, on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in all of New York City, home to the ultra rich, the top tier of the American upper class, the 1% (Park Avenue). Those who reside in Park Avenue not only have vast amounts of wealth, but an immense amount of influence that has turned the tables in their favor. But, if you go a couple of miles North of Park Avenue and cross the Harlem river, you arrive at the other side of Park Avenue or otherwise known as the Bronx, one of the poorest districts in all of New York (Park Avenue). Here you see the real hardships average Americans must voyage through in order to put food on the table and provide shelter for their families. 40% of the 700,000 residents who

Throughout all levels of American politics incumbents running for reelection have a huge and systematic advantage over their challengers. In this paper, the incumbency advantage will be examined through the lens of James “Jim” McDermott’s continual reelection in Washington’s 7th Congressional District and Sharpe James, the longtime mayor of Newark. James’ incumbency advantage is especially interesting in the context of 2002 mayoral campaign, where he was nearly unseated by Cory Booker. Both McDermott and James served their constituents for over 30 years and developed sizable incumbency advantages, though in some cases they were used in different ways. Looking at the differences demographically between Newark and Washington’s 7th Congressional District can be striking, but if instead the incumbency advantage is considered, the similarities are wide reaching and fascinating. In this paper, six major elements of incumbency advantage will be looked at: name recognition, party advantage, redistricting, constituency service, focus on candidates and special incumbent privileges.

Verba et al. also speak to the impact of income level on political participation, a topic often repeated by political scientists (DeSipio 1996, McClain and Tauber 1998). The conclusion: “for each kind of participation, affluence and participation go hand in hand” seems rather obvious (Verba et al. 1995: 189). Indeed, if a Latino parent works two low paying jobs and worries about paying the bills every month (as many do) he or she will likely have little incentive to travel to the polling place to ensure Hispanic representation in Washington. Additionally, Hispanics encounter further impediments to political participation: lower ages and education levels, coupled with language difficulties and illegal and non-citizen statuses further enlarge the gap between

I was selected to write about the 29th District of Texas, which is located in the eastern portion of the greater Houston area. This entire district is located in Harris County. Pasadena, Humble, and Jacinto City are some of the largest cities in the district. The current population is 718,000 people which is a very large leap from the census before that, 653,000. This district is very diverse and is considered a major-minority district which means that the majority of the population is other races other than white.

Assess the extent to which incumbents have an adage over challengers in congressional elections. (25marks)

For this project, we had to know our district and who is representing us on the house and state senate. 2 The Texas US Senators are Senator John Cornyn and Senator Ted Cruz. The Congress District 12 is represented be Congressman Kay Granger from the Republican Party since 1996. The Congress District 12 is Gerrymander. According to the Kaygranger.house.gov states, “Congressman Kay Granger is representing the total population of 728,142 according to the census of 2010 where 66.5 percent are Anglos, African Americans 6.1 percent, Hispanics 23.7 percent and other 3.9 percent. Kay Granger was elected as a Congressman for the 10th consecutive time as a member of the Republican Party. Congress District 12 is evenly distrusted in terms of male and female population; 50.6 percentage of female and 49.4 percentage of the male. With the median household income of 62,214 per annum. Congress district 12 is considered pretty wealthy district with unemployment rat just under 9 percent. Furthermore, Congress district 12 was voted the most loveable are in the country in 2004 which has a strong education system with 88.0 percentage of High School Rate of Graduation and 29.9 percentage of bachelor’s degree or higher”.

In figure 4, it depicts the educational attainments for those over 25 and living in the 10472 zip code. Most people have an educational attainment of a high school graduate level or below, which could be an important for the high levels of poverty in the area. The data between the congressional district 15 and zip code 10472 are almost similar but again the area has a low rate. The Bronx borough has a 18.3% population with a Bachelor's degree or higher, while there is only 11.7% for zip code 10472. It is a relatively small amount considering the large amount of young people living there, reported in figure

Park Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan is the wealthiest neighborhood in the New York City. Across the river, Park Avenue runs through the South Bronx, home to the poorest congressional district in the United States. Gibney states that while income disparity has always existed in the U.S., it has accelerated sharply over the years. Seven thousand people live in the South Bronx and 40% of the population live in poverty. Most of them lost their jobs during the recession that was caused by bankers on the other side of the river.

Regardless of true effects, liberals debate needed on how segregation and school problems could be solved in the big city. Most compelling evidence that, in article “In Yonkers We Trust” In 1985 when Federal Court Judge found out that the school and segregation are happening based on someone's race, origin, and skin color for last 40 years. Besides, Yonkers Board of Education defendant that case United States V. Yonkers with helped by the Plaintiff. Additionally, he also found out that the city and state intentionally concentrated the place of subsidized housing development, mostly in non-white communities in West Yonkers over 30 years. Furthermore, he noted that almost 97 percent units built-in 1972 were the Southwest Yonkers. In fact, the

Income inequality has been a rising problem in the United States for the past few decades. One of the main issues surrounding this years is election, especially for the Democratic candidates is income inequality and how to address it. Public opinion on income inequality and the government’s role in changing it can easily shape how the election turns out this year which can make great differences to the lives of American’s for years to come.