18 Lactic Acid Bacteria Lab Report

cereus contains gelatinase, contains starch-hydrolyzing enzymes such as -amylase, does not produce gas when utilizing glucose transporters such as in the carbohydrate fermentation experiment, can use citrates as shown in the IMVic series experiment, and is facultatively anaerobic as shown in the oxygen growth experiments (Bergey 1957). Furthermore, the growth present on general-purpose nonselective media such as TSA plates was consistently thick and white, which is a known characteristic of B. cereus (Bergey 1957). B. cereus is also known to hydrolyze casein and contains catalase but cannot split indole from tryptophan, which was confirmed in this experiment (Wong, et. al.

With an important level of lactate and a prosperous protons gradient, we can see a

There are multiple precautions that can be taken to help prevent the spread of the infection and eventually kill it altogether. To keep the bacteria spreading the workers must be careful to keep anything that may move from an infected pond to a healthy pond clean.

Culturing bacteria on a media has been an important laboratory technique since Robert Koch discovered how to grow bacteria in a petri dish. Bacteria will cultivate successfully on the media if the right nutrients, temperature, humidity, pH and any other specific conditions were provided. The most basic and common medium of growth on the nutrient broth, which contains water, beef extract and peptone. Although most bacteria will grow in this medium, some bacteria are fastidious and require special growth supplements such as blood or sugar. Further in mixed populations where it would be difficult to isolate the minority type of organism in a simple medium. Therefore, media can be divided into different types depending on the chemical composition in order to help isolate selected microorganism’s. The commonly used media are differential, enriched and selective media.

The metabolic pathway of L. lactis can function through aerobic and anaerobic reactions. It consists of 621 reactions and 509 metabolites and requires minimally glucose, arginine, methionine, glutamate and valine for growth. The main metabolism of L. lactis is through the anaerobic pathway, fermentation, which produces lactic acid from the available carbohydrates and is used for industrial food production. The carbon sources that L. lactis draws from include fructose, galactose, glucosamine, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, ribose, sucrose and trehalose. However, the growth rate of the cell with the intake of each carbon source is different. Growth rate on glucose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, lactose and glucosamine are the same,

Lipopeptide biosurfactants produced by Bacillus sp. have gained commercial interests due to their high surface activities and antimicrobial potential [5]. However, due to low production yield, high recovery expense and high production cost the production of lipopeptides has been restricted

Bacillus Smithii is a thermophile bacteria, facultative anaerobic. It had been distinguished from B.coagulans and announced as another species from 1988. (Nakamura et al., 1988). Main various from B.coagulans are the competence to maintain in higher maximum temperature, and L (+) - Lactic acid is predominantly produced. (2). Morphology, it is gram positive rods and motile by peritrichous flagellation. The diameter of the cell is around 0.8 x1.0 x 5.0-6.0 um. As it is Thermophile this give several benefits including lower contamination risks and cooling cost, and B.smithii have a large growth temperature range (25-65 degree) and pH (5.5-7.0) which help stability from temperature fluctuations. (ELKE). On account of wide range of temperature, pH and ability to apply broad range of carbon sources in the medium and especially high production of lactic acid make B.smithii an interesting microorganism for biotechnological application (elke, bosma et al).

In recent years, the biotechnological use of xylans and xylanases has grown remarkably (Aristidou and Pentillä 2000; Subramaniyan and Prema 2002; Beg et al., 2001; Techapun et al., 2003). The end-products of xylan degradation of considerable importance in commercial applications are furfural and xylitol (Parajó et al., 1998). Xylan can be converted to β-D-xylopyranosyl and its oligosaccharides via two types of hydrolysis: acid or enzymatic. Acid hydrolysis is often preferred because it is faster, but it is accompanied by the formation of toxic compounds that may hinder subsequent microbial fermentation. Furthermore, in the long run, it can lead to corrosion of the metallic equipment that comes in contact with the acid. Recently, some industrial companies have shown interest in the development of efficient enzymatic processes to be used instead of acid hydrolysis in the treatment of material containing hemicellulose. Commercial xylanases are industrially produced, for example, in Japan, Finland, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Denmark, Canada and the USA. The microorganisms used to obtain these enzymes are Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp. and Humicola insolens. Nevertheless, commercial xylanases can also be obtained from bacteria. Xylanase began to be used in the 1980s: initially in the preparation of animal feed and later in the food, textile and paper industries. Currently, xylanase and cellulase, together with pectinases, account for 20% of the world enzyme market.

From the results of the lab for P. aeruginosa in the Blood Agar, the color of the media stayed the same. The color of the colony was cream, and it produced an alpha-hemolysis reaction instead, which only partially destroyed the red blood cells in the Blood Agar. In the Brilliant Green Agar, the media was red and yellow. The color of the colony was cream, and there was lactose fermentation. In the

Several lactic acid producing miroorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, fungi , yeast and microalgae were analyzed for the fermenetation process of the lactic acid production. Since the fermentation step is the producing step of the whole it is very essential that the chosen strain is feasible, economically compeptitve and yields efficent amount of desired product which is lactic acid.There were several criteria that were considered during the elimination process for the microorganims such as the ph tolerability which is correlated with the acid tolerancy, thermal resistivity in order to determine the safety measures of the process, the type of feremntative process that is implamented by the organism and the efficency were among these criteria.First

Marine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are adapted to live in the marine habitat (Kathiresan and Thiruneelakandan, 2007) they are more suitable for the fermentation of marine biomasses and conversion of its complex macromolecules to simple compounds. The use of marine LAB isolates in the fermentation of marine seaweeds for enhanced anticoagulant activity has been reported (Shobharani et al., 2013). Moreover, the use of LAB having the probiotic properties in production of functional food can preserve the biomass and increase its value and health benefits (Taranto et al., 2003; Molinaa et al., 2012).

In addition, qRT-PCR was utilized for the amplification of the LAC strains, while luciferase reporter gene fusion constructs were made via plasmid amplifications. Polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) detection from strain LAC was achieved with immunoblotting techniques, which were previously used in analogous studies. The researchers also utilized scanning electron microscopy and biofilm assays that aided in the biofilm formation analysis. PSMs were quantified by reversed-phase high-liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry and finally statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism version 6.02 program.

Cupriavidus necator is a bacterial strain that is commonly used in accumulating poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most common type of PHA. It is most effective when the amount of carbon source present is in excess compared to the other essential nutrients in the medium like nitrogen, phosphorus or oxygen (Lopez-Abelairas, Garcia- Torreiro, Lu-Chau, Lema, & Steinbuchel, 2015). This bacterial strain will be pre-cultured from within 24 hours in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask under 30∘C and 150 revolutions per minute (rpm) without the addition of other carbon source (Martinez, Bertin, Scoma, Rebecchi, Braunegg, & Fava, 2015). The C. necator culture will be stored at -80∘C in a 2 mL cryovial containing 300 µL of glycerol with 20 grams per liter (g/L) of xylose (Cesario, Raposo, de Almeida, van Keulen, Ferreira, & da Fonseca, 2014).

After optimum incubation period the experimental test-tube was harvested. The fermented biomass sample was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15minutes in the centrifuge to remove the spores of the organism. The supernatant was carefully collected and the crude enzyme, thus obtained, was subjected to enzyme assay.

Bacterial isolated were subculture on slants of Nutrient Agar (NA). Incubation of the subcultured specimens for bacteria was done for 7-14 days in Isolation Room.