18th And Early 19th-Century Analysis

During this time people turned to religious answers for phenomena of the natural world, so this made it hard for many to accept so easily. Isaac Newton, famous physicist and mathematician, was a Deist as well. Newton’s discovery of the Theory of Gravity brought about a whole new understanding of the world. It was Newton who introduced the idea of the mechanical universe, an idea which explained natural phenomena with science or most importantly mathematics. Deists rejected organized religion and believed that reason was the basic characteristic of man. This is perfectly exemplified in a passage from Thomas Paine: “I do not believe in the creed professed by…any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church…” (Perry, Pg. 64) One of Descartes famous quotes in the time of the Enlightenment were “I think, therefore I am.” (Perry, Pg.49) Although Deism was a radical movement from previous ideologies, it did not completely ignore religious works or teachings. Thomas Jefferson found many excellent lessons and examples of moral behavior within the gospels. Deism was a departure from vague philosophical study that dealt with irrelevant ideas to rational study about things grounded to this world and reality.

Department stores, Chain stores, and mail order's houses were how retail sales and distribution techniques of the late nineteenth century made goods and conveniences formerly enjoyed by city dwellers available to Americans in small towns and the countryside. Americans no longer had to make their own clothes but, now they had the leisure of picking and buying clothes from a department store. Due to chain stores buying in preparing food had changed. A new industry of packing and selling foods had been invented. The mass production and new development of tin can had inspired an industry of canned foods. Refrigerated railroad cars and iceboxes made it possible for perishable food items to be kept fresh. These developments brought a healthy improvement

The Enlightenment, was an emergence of new ideas promoting free thinking, and self choice. One of the major concepts born of the Enlightenment was the practice of Deism, which changed many colonists ideas very dramatically. Deism is a school of thought in which an original being, or a creator god, created the planets and the organism which inhabit them, however after the creation, the grand being allowed the beings to develop and grow as they would under the laws of nature. Another emphasis of the Enlightenment was the emphasis of governmental responsibility. Several Enlightenment thinkers addressed this issue, most namely in interest to the Americas, John Locke. John Locke was in firm belief of the balance between the giving up of personal freedoms, and the responsibility of the government to not abuse their power. The Enlightenment was one of the first times in history where the concept of personal freedoms was discussed on a grand

In a process begun in the nineteenth century and accelerated in the twentieth, the great religions of the world became truly global in the geographic distribution of their adherents and so

Books and articles attacking religious “superstition” attracted wide readerships and provoked discussion. Skepticism also produced the philosophies of “universalism” and “Unitarianism,” which emerged at first as dissenting views within the New England Congregational church. These ideas rejected the Calvinist belief in predestination, stating the salvation was available to all. They also rejected the idea of the Trinity. Jesus was the only great teacher, they claimed, not the son of God. *The cause of the second Great Awakening was rationalism, and the spread of it. In effort to stop the spread, conservative theologians of 1790 fought the spread of rationalism, and in efforts of church establishments to revitalize their organization.

Molloy, M. (2012). Experiencing the World’s Religions. Tradition, Challenge, and Change (6th ed.)Chapter 5. Retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom

The establishment of Princeton University was due this new type of religious outlook or the “New Light” (USHistory.org, 2017). Although the new light way of thinking was gaining popularity, it was still not accepted among the old light ways of religious thinking in the colonies. There was now a new divide amongst the colonies, the new and old light way of thinking. This was conflict between religious attitudes created a tolerance for different denominations and the common acceptance that there would not be any one single group or church to dominate the colonies, due to the many different denominations. However, a common message between the different faiths was equality. The Great Awakening as a whole was the first major event within the colonies and made it possible to find the differences in the faiths within the colonies and Europe.

    Religious conscience in America has evolved considerably since the first settlers emigrated here from Europe. Primary settlements were established by Puritans and Pilgrims who believed "their errand into the wilderness [America] was above all else a religious errand, and all institutions - town meeting, school, church, family, law-must faithfully reflect that fact" (Gaustad 61). However, as colonies grew, dissenters emerged to challenge Puritan authority; indeed, many of them left the church to join untraditional religious sects such as "the Ranters, the Seekers, the Quakers, the Antinomians, and the Familists" (Westbrook 26). Debates over softening the stance on tolerance in

Deism began to emerge in the seventeenth century as philosophers, authors, and others began to focus on reason, and their knowledge, "Deism is the historical result of the decay of robust Christian theism. That is, specific commitments and beliefs of traditional Christianity are gradually abandoned" (Sire 2009 pg: 53). During that time theology had shaped the way of politics and structures of government. These free-thinkers challenged and rebelled against traditional Christianity. A theist believes God as the creator of the universe but much more than that; they see God as personal, involved, concerned,

Religious, social, philosophical, and political upheaval spread throughout both Europe and the Americas during over the course of the eighteenth century. In prominent Western nations such as England, France, and Spain, religious tensions persisted from power struggles between Catholicism and Protestantism throughout the 1600s. However, while governments remained entrenched in organized religion at a state level, Enlightenment ideas emphasizing human reason brought about a new epistemological ideology, called deism (Duiker, 463). While this previously unfamiliar philosophy failed to replace the dominant Protestant or Catholic religions of established nations, revolutionist movements toward the end of the 1700s fully embraced deism. In

The Period of 1800-1860 was the era of political revolution, religion and reform. I’m surprised to read Europeans’ view about American politicians. How they praised republican society and criticized American politicians. There was a revolution in government policy. Two new parties emerged, the Democrats and the Whigs. Removal Act was equally revolutionary. The new party system established that matched the economic advancement of both the Industrial Revolution and the Market Revolution. In mid-nineteenth century there were four major cultural movements; transcendentalist reform, communalism, abolitionism, and women’s rights.

Building a Bridge to the Eighteenth Century By: Neil Postman Neil Postman identifies himself as a "neo-Luddite". What bothers Postman most is the fact that the great innovators of this time have no frame of reference other than their own experience, and that experience is only that of the 20th century. Advocates of trends such as information superhighways and economic globalization appear to know nothing of history, philosophy and culture; they live digitally in the hollow present. Postman assesses different ideas in each chapter: Chaper One: A Bridge to the Eighteenth Century Postman heralds the accomplishments of personalities of the 18th Century, including Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Kant, Hume, Gibbon,

The U.S. changed a lot of things, from the year 1770 to 1870. The population went up in an extreme wave. It went from 2,148,100 in 1770 to 38,558,371 in 1870. The population increase was caused by immigrants migrating to the US and slavery as well. They had a big affect on next century. Then Americans created roads, waterways, railroads, steam boats, and railroad cars that are kept cool.

More reformative changes were established in 1536, when Henry caused Convocation to sanction the Ten Articles as a formulary for the new direction of the Church of England. The articles mention three of the seven Catholic sacraments (baptism, penance, and the Eucharist), each defined in an orthodox sense but without denying the potential validity of the other four. The language regarding the Eucharist was fairly Lutheran, but also admitted to transubstantiation, a belief the King firmly maintained. The articles retained audible confession and penance, further contradicting Lutheran doctrine. Henry defended prayers for the dead, but avoided addressing purgatory. Altogether, the context therein depicted Catholicism as opposed to Lutheranism.

The first half of the 19th century was a time of sweeping changes. With transportation, and factories increasing, North America was in for a major upgrade. While all of those things are going on, the two regions that made up the growing nation was the North and South. These two sides were very different in their approach of lifestyle which would soon lead to conflicts. Two issues stood out more than others as the North and South headed towards civil war. One reason increase of tariffs and taxes the Congress placed on the south to ship goods to other countries. The other was the idea of keeping slavery in the country. The tariffs placed economic inequality between the northern states and the southern states.