2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter includes the learning the Last planner process by literature search.

This paper will discuss what e-waste is, what is happening to the e-waste and why it is a problem. The paper will then discuss what can be done to improve the situation.

The Last Planner System (LPS). This perception is very common in Lean approach and typically necessary in LIB-based projects, especially in almost healthcare case studies analyzed in this paper. The constitutional reasons of implementing LPS in construction projects are to delivery projects quickly and safely, establish predicting programs, develop the whole project productivity, create and maintain the believability from customers with just-in-time shipments, and substitute the traditional critical path method (CPM). Generally, LPS decides the

Identified wastes in the current processes using the seven wastes as a guide to what should be looked for. The question was asked, “Why did this waste occur?” and, “What can be done to prevent it?”.

This waste problem is not only happening in Indonesia, but almost in every country in the world.

The waste generators are requested to put wastes into right bin. As it takes more time to sort wastes, people tend to participate less in recycling.

Planning is the means of choosing the best option among others to carry out different managerial roles in order to attain predetermined objectives. It is a necessary management function, which includes formulation of one or more thorough plans to attain optimal balance of wants or demands with the available wealth. Planning is a thorough agenda concerning upcoming course of action. In the essay, I will discuss the management planning of Boeing organization.

The Development of infrastructure is one of the most important activities that can boost up the business of the various Industries, thereby increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Due to this fact countries stress on infrastructure development and provide finances for the same in their yearly budget. The various such projects are in themselves vast and big and involve a lot of money. This vastness of each Project leave slot of scope for various problems from clearances to land acquisition, wastage, unforeseen delays, natural calamities etc., leading to time and cost overrun in the project. The cost overrun can be of huge magnitude in a project involving large

Lets, comprehend what does waste means in employment costing, Spoilage is that piece of the last item that does not meet the particulars given by the customer henceforth the item won't acknowledged by customer. Ordinary waste is normal under the best of conditions. The cost is incorporated into cost of assembling, and it's a piece of occupation costing. Then again, irregular decay creates a greater number of imperfections than you would anticipate from typical generation. Those expenses are presented on a misfortune account. Strange costs aren't a piece of the cost of assembling or finishing a client work. They are a misfortune you take.

Various definitions of the term ‘Supply Chain’ exist and with differing Interpretations and understanding. As stated in Horch (2009), many regard the supply chain as combination of inbound materials, manufacturing finished products, inventories and distribution. Pioneering work which led to the creation of Lean originated In the 1970s when Toyota Motor Company completed a productive system with a distinct competitive advantage known as the ‘Toyota Production System’ (Leseure, 2010). Lean Production involves a disciplined approach to manufacturing (Waller, 2003). A core concept of lean philosophy is waste elimination. ReVelle (2001) defines waste as “…any activity that absorbs resources such as cost and time but adds no value”. Waste can be classified in numerous ways. Organisations reduce and eliminate waste in their operations through waste management. Companies incur wastes in a supply chain through internal or external processes. Causes of waste in a supply chain context include: forecasting errors, inefficient processes, communication breakdowns and lack of responsiveness. Money and time wasted through production and supply chain processes can be reduced by the optimisation of supply chain activities. In order to successfully eliminate waste, organisations must develop lean supply chain management methods and apply them in supply operations (Albu and

Infrastructure development with economic development has a close relationship and interdependence with one another. Therefore, economic growth will trigger a rise in infrastructure programs which creates a significant number of construction projects. The fulfillment of the performance expectations of the stakeholders is the success of a project (Charrett, 2008). Successful construction program does not generate in disputes. However, the building project is a competitive and complex work environments in which participants cooperate each other with different backgrounds, profession, abilities, and level of work experiences. It can lead to a significant discrepancy in expectations, goals and outcome that are obtained during execution stage so that the dispute cannot be avoided (Cakmak and

The parameters of measurement of success of any project-time, cost, safety, quality and customer satisfaction can be severely affected by construction delays (Shujaa Safdar Gardezi, 2013). This study investigates various factors affecting the timeline of the schedule by various participants in the project, followed by mathematical analysis to propose that the major reasons for delays are the domestic issues of the country.

reduction in inventories of finished goods. In other words, if operating plans call for a buildup or

As the development projects in medium and large scale chartered with complexity of architectural and engineering design, quantity estimating, process scheduling, and information management; concurrently the traditional methods of construction management cannot solve the clash which mentioned above may due to the various kinds of interrupting factors. Meanwhile, D. Bryde et al., (2012) has stated that all level development projects have the nature of fragmentation. ‘All generated information by different parties is often not retained and used on future projects.’ More importantly, there is an ever-growing generic literature emphasizing the entire tenor of ‘big data’ technology placed on the construction cost phase.

The waste hierarchy principles that are outlined below should be adopted for the audit of waste materiel consumed at the site with the flowing evaluation for each and every material or product;

For a project to be successfully completed before due dates and keeping budget under control optimum utilization of resources is necessary; however, these limits may sometimes surpass. A significant variance may be there between certain assumptions made during initial planning of project and final outcomes. Unforeseen and unknown changes in construction methods, materials, techniques, or human resources may create budgetary and scheduling pressures which may increase the possibility of failure (Zeng et al., 2007). According to a survey exploring completion of construction projects in Saudi Arabia showed that 76% of project contractors experienced delays of 10–30% of the projected duration (Assaf and Al-Hejji, 2006).