2 Aminoanthracene Synthesis Lab Report

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Harrison,Roy M. and R.E. Hester. Alternatives to Animal Testing.Royal Society of Chemistry, 2006.Issues in Environmental Science and Technology.

Another importance of animal testing is this testing makes large contribution in toxicity; a study of harmful effects of chemical substance on living organisms besides finding cure for human diseases (The MSPCA–Angell, 2013). In fact, Daston, Procter and Gamble made a clarification in their article of Alternatives in Reproductive Toxicity: A Way Forward, that animal tests are being relied on for the prediction of potential harm of chemicals which may affect human reproductive system. This is because, as some animals and human have identical characteristics in complex body system, animal tests that is conducted for evaluating toxicity of reproductive are designed to apply on the complete reproductive cycle. Those three authors also added that animal testing become a medium for good prediction of toxicity as animal body systems are as complex as human’s. Rather than testing the chemical substances on human which is used for predicting potential harmful effects on body system, animal testing is the most appropriate and safest medium to save human lives.

A chemical reaction is when substances (reactants) change into other substances (products). The five general types of chemical reactions are synthesis (also known as direct combination), decomposition, single replacement (also known as single displacement), double replacement (also known as double displacement), and combustion. In this lab, the five general types of chemical reactions were conducted and observations were taken before, during, and after the reaction. Then the reactants and observations were used to determine the products to form a balanced chemical equation. The purpose of this lab was to learn and answer the question: How can observations be used to determine the identity of substances produced in a chemical reaction?

The design of this experiment aimed to synthesize 2-methylphenoxyacetic acid from 2-methylphenol and sodium chloroacetate by means on phenol alkylation. 2-Methylphenoxyacetic acid has been used to control the growth in plants and exemplifies a product of synthesis as it is a complex molecule constructed from two simple molecules. This synthesis proceeds by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, more specifically, via SN2 mechanism (see below). An SN2 mechanism's reactants are a nucleophile and a good leaving group (usually a halide ion). Once the crude product is obtained, it is purified by recrystallization with water and collected.

Protecting the environment from toxic contaminants such as pesticide, herbicide and other Solvents are vital to the survival of the inhabitants of the respective environment. This is important because such contaminants, when released into the environment can create devastating health problems such as cancer in humans. This paper will evaluate three of the many carcinogenic chemicals that have the propensity to cause cancer and other health problems. Therefore, the paper will evaluate Agent Orange, DDT, and Benzene.

This lab could have contained errors. The errors could have happened when performing the lab. Some of the possible errors in this lab are:

o prepare Acetaminophen a water bath was set up in a 400-mL beaker and then placed onto a hotplate where it reached a boil. During the time it took for the water bath to boil, a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask was obtained. P-aminophenol (1.5g) was weighed and then placed inside the Erlenmeyer flask. Deionized water (25 mL) was added to the flask followed by 35 drops of concentrated phosphoric acid. An additional 15 drops were added to the solution, since the initial 20 drops of concentrated phosphoric acid was not dissolving the p-aminophenol. Phosphoric acid was added to the reaction mixture because it acted as a catalyst for the reaction. The flask was then swirled gently until all of the p-aminophenol had dissolved. Once the water bath came to

In this laboratory experiment a synthesis was performed through several separate steps. The purpose of the experiment was to synthesize tetraphenylcyclopentadienone from benzaldehyde and to run reactions on carbonyl containing compounds. There was a total of three steps that led up to the synthesis of the final product, tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The first step of the experiment was the condensation of benzaldehyde to yield benzoin. Thiamine catalyst along with water and ethanol were added to the benzaldehyde, then NaOH was added until the solution turned yellow. After recrystallization, the product was benzoin. Step two was the oxidation of benzoin to benzil.

After putting the CH2Cl2 to a beaker containing the drying agent anhydrous sodium sulfate, a sticky white solid was recovered.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anthracene (99%) was supplied by HIMEDIA. Methanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from RANKEM. A standard solution was prepared by dissolving anthracene in methanol. A 50% methanolic solution of anthracene (25 mg L-1) was prepared by diluting the standard solution using double distilled water.

Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.

Genetic engineering is direct manipulation of an organism’s genetic makeup by transferring certain traits or genes from one organism to another. It can be used to learn more about the disease, detect earlier, or treat disease. One way genetic engineering is being used is by introducing a gene mutation into mice to reproduce the same pathological mechanisms that is found in humans. Scientists focused their efforts towards creating a mutation- targeted treatment, and to decrease or prevent the production of

A substantial and growing number of carcinogens have structures, including that of their metabolites, that do not suggest a likely electrophilic reactant. These agents have been inactive or yielded equivocal results in short-term assays for genotoxicity (Upton et al, 1984). The formation of adducts in DNA by such carcinogens, which is the definitive evidence of DNA reactivity has not been found in cells of the target tissues using sensitive techniques (Williams, 1980; Whysner et al, 1998).

concern regarding environment contaminants is health.”(G 38) Karen also says” such studies cannot be conducted without animal testing.” (G 38) Despite the scientist’s claims that animals can be the only option, there are better ways to see