2. Provide an example of a government-created monopoly. Is it a bad public policy? Why? In many

For my research paper I decided to write about monopolies. I chose to write about monopolies because I wanted to learn more about them. No this type of monopoly is not a board game in which consumers engage in buying houses or property with fake money. Instead this type of monopoly is a firm that is the only seller of a good or service that does not have a close substitute. An example of a monopoly is natural gas company or Time Warner Cable or Microsoft and its Windows operating system. Although few people like monopolies and even though few companies are monopolies, the model of a monopoly can be useful. You see a monopoly is useful in analyzing situations in which firms agree to act together as if they were a monopoly. Monopolies are not illegal in the United States. What is illegal is actions taken by monopolies to limit competition. But there are times when one supplier in a market is better than a competitive market? Should the government work to protect that one supplier in a market?

An oligopolistic market is one that has several dominant firms with the power to influence the market they are in; an example of this could be the supermarket industry which is dominated by several firms such as Tesco, Sainsbury’s, and Waitrose etc... Furthermore an oligopolistic market can be defined in terms of its structure and its conduct, which involve various different aspects of economics.

Prior to the American Era of Industrialization, the American Civil War had just taken place that gave the Northern Economy war profits that were eventually invested into industrialization. However, the Age of Industry, in the United States, was extremely harmful to the nation, due to the fact that the idea of Social Darwinism arose, there was corruption within the government, and monopolies began arising which had a negative effect on the the economy and the working class. Monopolies, in the industrial period, had a negative impact across the nation due to the fact that monopolies made life difficult for the arising middle class, economically speaking. Document 1 illustrates perfectly how monopolies made life difficult for the working class

The scope of this paper is to break down and define social regulation, industrial regulation, and natural monopolies by explaining how they have impacted society and why they exist. It is also the intent to summarize the Antitrust Laws, explain the major functions of the five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation, and identify three main regulatory commissions of industrial regulation.

Free markets have often been idealized in the US, and have become a dominant tool for trade and distribution of goods and services. There have been multiple waves of government regulation and deregulation of the market in US history. Each of these trends have been grappling with the central question of how sufficient markets are at satisfying our goals. In theory, free markets are fair and efficient at distributing goods and services. In reality, however, government must intervene in the marketplace for two overarching reasons. First, because in practice free markets left to themselves are not always fair and efficient. And second, because fairness and efficiency are not our only goals and

Competition in economics is rivalry in supplying or acquiring an economic service or good. Sellers compete with other sellers, and buyers with other buyers. In its perfect form, there is competition among many small buyers and sellers, none of whom is too large to affect the market as a whole; in practice, competition is often reduced by a great variety of limitations, including monopolies. The monopoly, a limit on competition, is an example of market failure. Competition among merchants in foreign trade was common in ancient times, and it has been a characteristic of mercantile and industrial expansion since the Middle Ages. By the 19th century, classical economic theorists had come to regard

When companies are making decisions, the companies do not worry about how the rivals will react, in part to each company’s actions are unlikely to affect its rivals to a great extent hence they are independent. In addition, there is perfect knowledge in the market hence new companies have the freedom to enter into the industry. The companies are also profit maximizers, producing output where marginal revenue equals marginal cost; the profit maximising condition. Companies in a

Describe what has occurred to change the demand for, or the supply of, the good or service, and market prices of those products or services

Nash equilibrium is a solution theory of a non-cooperative game which involves two or more

Nash equilibrium can be described as the end of the game sequence. Player gains a posteriori experience during the sequences of the game which in turn help them to form the belief and gain knowledge that lead to the end point, the Nash equilibrium, hence there is no further knowledge that can be gained. In the usual finite set of games the marking of the end point, Nash equilibrium, will allow us to make better or optimal decision. If our decision making process doesn’t satisfy the Nash equilibrium, we must always be able to improve our decision and choice that we made till we hit that equilibrium.

Competition within the industry as well as market supply and demand conditions set the price of products sold.

Competition failure or monopoly may result from natural monopoly where it costs incurred in production becomes lower when only one firm is involved in production than several firms producing the same output. In a monopolist market under-production, higher prices become dominant contributing to market inefficiency. Winston cites cases of misuse of monopoly power can lead to market failures and sometimes may lead to acute shortage of essential commodities (130).

Accordingly, we will first "analyze" competitive markets, by discussing demand and supply separately. Then we will try to put them back together (synthesize them) in order to understand the working of competitive markets.

Competitions are ubiquitous. It may be in the form of us seeking a promotion at work, company competing for bigger market share. In fact, humans more often than not ,seek to achieve a superior position relative to others in a variety of contexts (Garcia, Tor and Schiff, 2013). Simply put, an undertaking with an aim of establishing gain by hindering the competitive edge of the rival party involved. In economic sense, in a marketplace, there are buyers and sellers for a product existing at variance, which would allow the price of products to change to counter the change in supply and demand. In todays times almost every product has a substitute alternative, hence, a buyer would have the convenience of switching to the cheaper alternative if price of a product becomes unaffordable for them. Hence, the buyers have relative influence on the price of the products. However in some industries there are only a few supplier of the products and services, due to the absence of substitutes, which reduces the bargaining power of the consumers on the price of goods, due to the producers having absolute power over the pricing of the goods.

Game Theory, the analysis of the concepts used in social reasoning when dealing with situations of conflict (Rubinstein, 1991), is one of many methods used to provide rational strategies towards the making of decisions. Game theory provides logical and mathematical models towards decision-making which are applied to real-life situations such as