Essay on 2005 Ap Psychology Free-Response

However, it can be argued with (Bruner 1964) that social interaction doesn’t explain all the complexities of language acquisition. Almost every day the language we hear is often incorrect, poorly defined, incomplete and full of hesitations, mispronunciations and other errors, and yet despite this we still learn to talk following the correct grammatical rules. Again this indicates the idea of Chomsky’s (1968) LAD model that children are born ‘hard-wired’ with the innate knowledge of linguistic rules and so these rules help the baby make estimations and presumptions about the language it is hearing. From these estimations and presumption the child can work out grammatical sets of rules and when more language is exposed to them, the more their language develops. Even within Chomsky’s (1968) LAD theory, undoubtedly he believed the role and promotion of the ‘nature’ aspect is the core foundation on which language can develop. But his theory also requires the role of nurture

Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness in which a person is susceptible to suggestion. In general "Hypnosis is a therapeutic technique in which clinicians make suggestions to individuals who have undergone a procedure designed to relax them and focus their minds"(Hypnosis). There is a lot of misconception regarding hypnosis, for example, many people believe that the hypnotized person has not control over their actions and that hypnotized person is acting involuntary, but this is entirely false. Although hypnosis a controversial tool, especially when used in therapy to recover repressed memories it can be an effective therapeutic technique for a broad range of conditions, like anxiety and mood disorders. Hypnosis can also help people

Chomsky believed children have a biologically ability that allows children to learn the complexity of language in a short period of time. He proposed that the language acquisition device humans have, provides individuals with the skills that make learning a language simpler. On the contrary, other theorists affirmed that children are born with perceptual abilities and general thinking that allows them to understand the patterns of their native language. According to cognitive process theorists, children’s built-in perspectives present strategies on how to discover language by paying attention to patterns. Sociocultural theorists speculate that social interaction promotes language development. It includes language socialization so that children are taught explicit language instruction as well as indirectly communicating appropriate verbal behaviors. They value the importance of intersubjectivity to acquire new words in their vocabulary as well as internalization as a way to foster language development. Last theory discussed was functionalism, which pertains to the idea that language development is

Some psychologists think of hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness, while others believe that it is simply a product of more mundane processes such as focused attention and expectation (King, 2010, p.98). Both of the above perspectives are applicable and reasonable. Hypnosis is defined as an adjusted state of consciousness, attention and expectation wherea person is unusually responsive to suggestions. According to Shaughnessy (1990), “It is full of seeming paradoxes: It is definitely not sleep, and yet is not really a waking state either; it depends on attention

Therefore, from the behaviourist approach, language acquisition can be seen as a stimulus-response process. Children learn language by immitation and analogy. The roles of imitation, repetition, reinforcement, and motivation are essential in learning the language. The First Language Acquisition is thus the result of nature which based on practicing.

Children learn the language from various methods either watching televisions or observing the communications around them. It is practical for Tom’s parents to teach Tom how to speak his native language. Tom can also learn language through observation, such as reading books and watching videos designed for children. From the Speaking and Hearing Science lessons, I learned that there are various factors being responsible for child’s language development such as biological preprogramming and environmental stimulation. According to BF Skinner (1957), “language is acquired through modeling and reinforcement”. [ ] While according to Noam Chomsky ( ), “the language acquisition is due to biology and thus innate to human beings”. [ ] So, Tom is supposed

Chomsky proposed a theory of language acquisition, which holds that at least some knowledge about language exists in humans at birth. Additionally, that all languages share some properties of organization and structure. (Miller, p. 198)

Noam Chomsky proposed that the acquisition of language could not be fully explained by learning alone. Instead, he suggested that children are born with a language acquisition device that allows the innate ability to understand the principles of language. Children learn language much faster than adults after first being exposed to it.

Skinner believed that children acquire language through imitation and reinforcement. Noam Chomsky suggested that skinner’s theory does not explain language development. He believed that all children have an innate sense of language. He called this our language acquisition device. The (LAD) enables children to use language when they have acquired vocabulary. Adults can reinforce children’s language development through interaction and responding to children’s first sounds and words. Children need opportunities for developing vocabulary through their play. Adults are role models so must use speech and language that is clear and grammatically

When learning about language, one of the many questions is how exactly we’re able to do it, and why we’re the only ones to use. Many psycholinguists argue that it’s innate and we’re just born with it, that it’s in our genetic blueprint; like Sally is a girl, has brown hair, blue eyes, knows language, is 5’2”, is of Caucasian descent, etc. Others have a different approach and believe that language is learned, that language was a powerful enough tool, that our ancestor continued to develop it and slowly but surely language became a universal thing, not because of our genes, but rather because it was a useful tool over several of our enemies. Who is right and who is wrong, is a current debate in the world of academia since there are several aspects about language that seem to point to either approach. Once we learn more about language, the closer they’ll be to figuring out this loaded question.

Children begin by mimicking what they hear their parents say to their best ability which may include repeating random phrases. Moreover, this then indicates that children do in fact absorb a colossal amount of phraseology from adults but instead of regurgitating sentences back, they eliminate rules and create their own grammar to create new utterances. In society today, it is perceived that children acquire their mother tongue through imitation of the parents, caregivers or the people in their environment, which suggests that correction and guidance from adults is indeed compulsory for the child to apprehend their first language. In the same way that children learn to walk, language is also believed to simply develop at the appropriate time according to each child’s natural biological clock. This outlook also gives credit to a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which is believed to be attained by each child. This delineates how language acquisition is so easily, naturally and quickly achievable in children all over the world. Furthermore, Noam

Language development among humans normally occurs rapidly from the time the child is born to around the age of five. There are generally accepted language learning milestones that every child has to achieve even though the pace and age at which these are achieved may vary from child to child ("Language Development"). There are several theories regarding language acquisition and development. Chomsky theorized that people have an inborn ability to learn language through a special biological mechanism, a species-specific biological endowment, which he referred to as a Language Acquisition Device that is found in the brain. He likened this to a “universal grammar” that is recognized by all humans. His theories were also considered as Nativist in comparison to the Behaviorist theories which stipulate that language acquisition is achieved as a result of providing rewards for imitations (Rieber ; “Theories About How Young Children Acquire and Develop Language”). Piaget contends that cognition precedes language development and children simply use language to represent what they are thinking. Vygotsky argued that language is primarily a form of social communication, which eventually leads to language and cognition. More recent theorists claim that the child is an active part of their holistic development with language acquisition being the result of cognitive, emotional and social interactions (“Theories About How Young Children Acquire and Develop Language”).

Humans live in a world full of communication. Humans possess a native language that separates them from other animals. Language is developed within the first few years of a person 's life. By the time one is a child; he can speak and understand almost as well as an adult. Children world-wide exhibit similar patterns of language acquisition even though they may be learning different languages. How humans learn even the most complicated languages has perplexed the minds of many scientists. Two of the most popular beliefs on language acquisition today are held by Skinner and Chomsky. Their opposing belief on how humans acquire language has become the two standard views on this complicated issue;

The main focus of this essay will be on how language develops within individuals. It will explore theories put forward by different linguists such as Skinner, and Chomsky. Different theories put forward by these two linguists will be analysed in detail such as, ‘behaviourism, ‘operant conditioning’ and ‘language acquisition theory.’

Over the past decades, a variety of approaches have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of language acquisition. These models were influenced by variety of disciplines and research directions, such as cognitive psychology, linguistics, etc.; therefore, the models relate to linguistic development in various ways. One of the most striking differences between the approaches is the perception of the place of heredity and environment in the process of acquiring language, but as we shall see each approach gives them a different weight and importance. In this paper we describe three approaches to acquire first and second language: Behaviorism, Innatism and Social-interactionist. During the work we will try to understand the characteristics of each approach; how they differ from each other; advantages and disadvantages; and what aspects from each theory that we should combine in our class.