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* Not transferred to countries outside the European Economic Area - the EU plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein - that do not have adequate protection for individuals' personal information, unless a condition from Schedule four of the Act can be met.

Company "privacy statements" and "End User License Agreements"(EULAs) also change the expectation of privacy in ways that may not be clear without extended reading [12]. In the case of a merger between DoubleClick and Abacus Direct, in which DoubleClick was acquiring Abacus Direct, what was considered a legal use of data for each company individually constituted a breach of privacy if combined [13]. As the expectation of privacy is based on public perception and understanding, continuing technological advancement and the precedents set by court rulings on cases involving privacy will alter these expectations in the

The right to privacy is viewed as a fundamental right all over the world. However, there are many interpretations of what privacy is, and this interpretations are in some way related to historical events that shaped the meaning of privacy differently for every country. Countries of the European Union consider the right to privacy a sacred right, therefore, they have established laws to protect the respect for private and family life and the right to personal data protection. Although United States has some sector laws to protect privacy, the constitution does not mention privacy as fundamental right, nonetheless, the notion of privacy can be extracted from the first 10 amendments of the constitution. Consequently, regulation of the right to privacy changes drastically between Europe and the United States. Countries in Europe have regulatory agencies whose only purpose is protect the privacy of its citizens. In contrast, the

the private data, also stealing and manipulating it. As the need and dependency of Information

The relationship in the middle of gathering and scattering of information, innovation, people in general desire of security and the legitimate and political issues encompassing them. However, the Data Protection Act 1998 is an Act intended to ensure data held about people. All associations including health and social care organisations must enroll as an information client and take after the principles gave.

There are several positive uses of big data including the development of more accurate weather prediction systems, research and production of self-driving vehicles, making cities smarter, and collecting more data during exercise in order to train in the most efficient way. The essential item in keeping this straight is striving to develop policies that reflect our ideals and then implementing it. This falls on the shoulders of the government. Minimizing the gap between the implementation and policy can be achieved through various venues. Transparency is of paramount importance when dealing with surveillance and entrusting other entities with personal information. If any person is being spied on or having information collected, they should know about it and of course it should be legal. Google as a service is a good example. Although using Google’s services are “free” to use, it sells our personal information to other companies for surveillance capitalism and marketing. Google should have an agreement or make it clearly known that this is what is happening and then provide an option to pay for its services directly and not disclose user’s information. Additionally, companies that participate in such behaviors should be legally bound with well-defined terms and be regularly

How far is too far when it comes to privacy? In a rapidly developing digital age, the boundaries are constantly expanding as new technology emerges. Data mining is not going away, so the debate on privacy becomes increasingly relevant. The line between what is ethical and unethical quickly become blurred, and certain entities are bound to take advantage of that gray area. Corporations claim they are collecting private data for marketing research to serve more relevant advertising and increase profits. Despite the marketing benefits of digital data collection, it is unethical for corporations to collect private digital data without taking proper measures to protect privacy.

Technology is evolving every day and as technology is growing so are the threats to the loss of confidentiality or privacy of individuals’ personal information which is stored in federal IT systems and databases. This white paper addresses an overview of privacy, the content required in a Privacy Impact Assessments for a federal IT system. In addition, this white paper addresses how the content of Privacy Impact Assessments is or can be used by privacy advocates and members of the public to influence public policy and policy makers. Finally, it discusses best practices and recommendations implemented to improve privacy of personally identifiable information in the context of federal

The European Union (EU) has introduced and enacted a privacy law that protects all of its member countries’ citizens from both governmental and commercial misuse of citizens’ personal data. Meanwhile, the U.S. has been busy with protecting its businesses (e.g. passing laws such as DMCA, et. al.). Of course, that is not to say that no steps toward achieving a better privacy have been made by the U.S.

This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews privacy legislation in the EU and U.S., Section 3 presents the comparative analysis between EU and U.S. privacy laws and Section 4 draws some conclusions and provides recommendations to managers and website designers.

A Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) is used to identify how PII is stored, shared, collected, protected, and managed. This

On the other hand, the European Union has a different way on how to manage personal data. The idea of the new regulation is to coordinate the data protection law with all the countries and all the European Union members. The idea of making this law as a regulation instead of a directive is because it will be directly applicable to all the European Union associates without the implementation of any

Personally Identifiable Information, or (PII), is any data that could possibly identify a unique individual. Any information that can be used to identify one person from another can then be used to cross reference with another source to “re identify” the unnamed individual can be considered PII.

Back on January 28, 1981, the Council of Europe opened something called the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (or Convention 108) for signature by its members. In short, the goal of the Convention was to give individuals legal protection regarding the automatic collection of their personal data. While many individual countries had some regulations governing the automatic collection of data, the Convention provided standard, comprehensive requirements on an international scale. As explained by the National Cyber Security Alliance, it was "the first legally binding international treaty dealing with privacy and data protection."

This article discusses the overwhelming need to foster an innate focus on privacy within the software engineering community,