30 Years War

The Thirty Years Wars began in 1618 in central Europe but most battles were fought within Germany. It was divided up into four phases, the Bohemian Phase, Danish Phase, Swedish Phase, and the French Phase. These phases are mostly defined by the primary military support that is being supplied from an individual country. The Thirty Years War began with Ferdinand II of Bohemia, a catholic, arranging to become the Holy Roman Emperor. Nobles met and agreed that they did not want Ferdinand II to become the Holy

England, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary Roman Empire, Bohemia, and Poland supported Pope Urban VI. While Pope Clement VII had gained support from France, Napales, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon. This

Before the war, the Holy Roman Empire already began to have its struggles. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was recognized. It stated that the individual prince of the Holy Roman Empire could determine the religion of his subjects. The Peace of Augsburg was unraveling as some converted bishops had not

involved the British empire, the Russian empire and the French with the addition of the

More specifically, a special decree was included in the Imperial Diet of Speyer in response to the rebellion (Document 7).  This decree ordered an examination of the revolt so that it could be prevented in the future.  Also, the decree included allowing those who “surrendered unconditionally” to return back to their estates despite their violent actions.  On the other hand, Martin Luther took a very different approach in his criticisms in Document 5.  He states that the peasants are acting like “raging dogs” in their violent revolts.  Also, he condemns their use of God was a motivation since instead they are merely trying to get others to join their devilish ways. Martin Luther, as the creator of Lutheranism, is an extremely credible source of criticism for the use of the will of God to inspire and justify the revolts since he is the actual creator of the religion the peasants now follow. At the same time, the German princes also reacted to the revolt by going to the aid of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.  He used his armies to assist the princes in shutting down the

World War I took place in Europe in the early 19th century and was fought by Germany, Italy, Russia, France, Great Britain, and Australia-Hungary. These countries reasons for a war were nationalism, alliances, and militarism. Germany, Italy, Russia, France, Great Britain, and Austria-Hungary were all wanting the same thing, but they were too busy competing with each other to see clearly.

Varian Fry From 1939 to 1945 Europe was dominated by the bloodshed and warfare of WWII. One of the worlds bloodiest battles started because of Germany’s unprovoked attack on Poland. See this injustice and seeing that Hitler had no intentions of surrender Britain and France declared war on Germany but did little action in the beginning of the war. Germany launched its next attack on Denmark and Norway, then Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. All of these countries were captured easily and added Jews the Hitlers “collection”.

It started when controversy, caused by the people of England, erupted regarding the Old church on politics, religion, and persecution. The Old Church of England believed that they helped people get to heaven by having masses for their souls. Protestants believed that there shouldn’t be a church tied to civil power, but in the 16th century a church with civil power was very important. Fueling the Protestants were Martin Luther, a German monk, and John Calvin, a French ceric and lawyer, who’s efforts helped over throw the Old Church of England. In 1534, once Henry VIII was denied divorce from his wife by the Old Church of England he decided to create a new church, the Church of England. Henry VIII then placed himself at the head of the church, replacing the Catholic Pope of Rome. This became the official state religion in which all the protestants of England joined. The Church of English was very power saying that the Old Church of England had no power because God had all the power and humans had none, so only he decided if we would reach heaven. Even though the Church of England didn’t believe in the Old Church of England ways they still had many things in common with them. For example, stain glass, bishops, priest, decans, cathedrals and choirs. Protestants were upset and being to feel that the Church of England was converting back to the ways of the

14. ’05 Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation.

Centralized authority during the late 17th century and early 18th century was the basis for reformation. The royal leadership of this period accomplished many achievements, established policies for expansion and established control centrally

The fourth section in chapter 14 Age of absolutism in the textbook detailed how charles VI and the people of austria were weakened by Thirty year war. But wanted to create a strong, well developed, and equal united state also focusing on expanding their main lands. But in while doing the process realized on how difficult of a challenge it was trying to unite diverse people with so many different cultures. Such as czech, hungarian, polish, magyars and many more. But was only substantial for a short period of time on controlling all the diverse people as a came to a fall. As a result causing the habsburg empire never to fully developed a strong centralized system.This textbook is a very reliable source because it was written by historians writers.

The Thirty Years War that spanned most of the Holy Roman Empire drawing in most of the European superpowers of the time started off as a much smaller rebellion in the Kingdom of Bohemia in the east of the Empire. The Bohemian revolt started with the Defenestration of Prague where two Catholic regents and a secretary were thrown out of a window by a group of frustrated Protestants. The regents had been placed in control of the city by the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, Matthias to rule until his successor, Ferdinand of Styria, was elected to replace him. The Protestants were frustrated because their petitions to Matthias asking

The thirty years war was yet another example of religious strife in Europe. Rudolf II the ruler of Bohemia tolerated Protestants in his country, but his successor Ferdinand II did not and pushed the work of the counter reformation. The Bohemians rebelled, and Ferdinand exiled and executed them. They were told to register and sell their property and leave within fourteen days to "prevent further trouble and embarrassment." (Dietrich). When the truce between Spain and the Dutch ended, fighting in Germany and the Netherlands resumed. Ferdinand then issued the Edict of Nantes (which he would later suspend due to opposition by nobles), which gave Catholics back all their land that the Protestants had taken. France then entered the war, seizing the opportunity to attack their opposing Catholic power, the Hapsburgs. They also attacked Ferdinand. One third of Germany's total population was killed, but this was not the

Frederick and Ferdinand began to raise their own armies by asking for help from other European countries. Ferdinand received assistance from Maximilian of Bavaria. In Western Civilizaton, it also mentions him getting help from Spain. He ensured this help by promising Frederick’s lands to them. Wedgwood explains that this could be considered unconstitutional according to the Peace of Augsburg. Ferdinand signed this document declaring that “German liberties” would be observed in 1555. This means that each country can have its own religion if it’s Catholic or Lutheran and that they are the Electors for the empire. If the German princes do not consent to the impeachment of Frederick as Bohemian king, then giving the land away is stealing.

1. Briefly summarize the four phases of the 30 Years War. How did the war change the economic and political landscape of the Holy Roman Empire?