4 Macromolecules

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are known as macronutrients as the body needs masses of these nutrient components in order to carry out the bodies’ essential functions.

All living things contain some form of organic macromolecules including: Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. All of these organic molecules are alike in the sense that is they are made up of bonded elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and to smaller quantities nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. The macromolecules each contain large long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and often consists of repeating smaller molecules bonded together in a repeating pattern (polymers). To test whether a specific solid white substance is a protein is simple due to the unique chains found in the respective type of macromolecule. To test if the substance is a carbohydrate, two tests could be performed on separate samples of the object. First,

The most common macromolecules found in living organisms are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. Briefly, the meaning of macromolecules is that they normally contain two or more molecules in them and their main functions are to store energy, information and much more. Most foods are known to be combinations of macromolecules. While some of these compounds can be detected by taste tests, many cannot. Scientists then use certain tests to determine the presence of macromolecules.

a. Proteins- macromolecules made of amino acids. Proteins have many functions in the body. Some sources of proteins are whole-grain cereals, dark breads,rice, beans, and meat.

A macromolecule can be any of a general selection of molecules, such as: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and

Then, nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and has the ability to make new cells. Finally, Lipids. Lipids are made up of glycerol and fatty acids. Lipids play a big role in the body, it provides cushion and insulation for the larger organisms in our bodies. All of these macromolecules and monomers are needed to make energy.

This section will dealt with the main organic molecules in living things: carbohydrates, fats ( lipids ), proteins and nucleic acids.

Introduction: Macromolecules are large molecules created by polymerization and of smaller monomers. The three macromolecules that were tested in this experiment were carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. A carbohydrate is one of the most important nutrients that you need for your body, there are two types of carbohydrate simple and complex. Simple carbs are sugars while complex carbs put more nutrients to your body rather than simple carbs. Complex carbs are higher in fiber and digest more slowly. Your digestive system breaks down carbohydrates into glucose and uses the sugar for energy. A starch is a polysaccharide that functions like a carbohydrate storage. Lipids are oily compounds that includes monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides and others. Proteins consist of a long chain of amino acids and they are

The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate

Introduction The main objective of the laboratory experiment was to test for the presence of protein, starch, glycogen, and reducing sugars in 12 different samples using various assessments in order to ultimately identify the unknown sample #26 as one of the four macromolecule groups. Macromolecules consist of polymers formed by the linkage of small subunits called monomers (Alberts et al., 2014). The four major groups are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (Alberts et al., 2014). The 12 samples that were tested on in this laboratory experiment included protein, beer, distilled water, honey, 0.3% glucose-1-phosphate, and 1% glucose, maltose, sucrose, lactose, glycogen, and starch solutions, as well as the unknown sample #26. In order to identify whether or not a macromolecule is present in a sample solution, each test has positive and negative controls.

There are four types of biomolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are large chains of sugar found in food and living tissues. This includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. They have the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that water has, 2:1. They are broken down to release energy in the animal body. Lipids are any organic compounds that are fatty acids and don’t dissolve in water but do in organic solvents. Fatty acids can be found in natural oils, waxes, and steroids. Proteins are macromolecules that do everything in the cell. They are tools and machines that make things happen. Nucleic acids are long strands of nucleotides, and function primarily in storage and transmission of genetic information. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA is the genetic material of all cellular organisms, and RNA sends out messages from the information that is held in the DNA.

three basic parts. There is a sugar called ribose, and at one end of the sugar

Most organic compounds in living organisms are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids they are called macromolecules. Each of these macromolecules is made of smaller subunits. These subunits are linked by dehydration synthesis. Dehydration synthesis is an energy requiring process in which a molecule of water is removing and the two subunits are boded

Not only do organisms require the properties of spirit for survival but also molecules that are important for the prolongation of life. These molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates contain sugars and starches that provide and store energy for cells. Also, carbohydrates serve as the construction material for the physical structure of plants.