50 % Vinegar Experiment

The more acidic a substance is the less oxygen it will produce when going through a chemical reaction. During the Lab “How Do Changes in pH Levels Affect Enzymes Activity”, the researcher conducted an experiment to test the effects that an acidic, neutral, and a base substance will have when combine it with hydrogen peroxide. The data table shows that HCL (acidic substance) barley produced any oxygen at all when it was combining with Hydrogen Peroxide. The pH level for HCL was 2.5; this level indicates that the substance was very acidic. When the H2O and NaOH were tested they produced more bubbles than HCL. NaoH produced a little more bubbles than HCL. The pH that NaoH produced was a 9, which is a base. H2O produced more bubbles than both substances;

Two tests were done to solidify a conclusion. First, a random chemical was chosen out of the 5 unidentified chemicals provided. Afterwards, a hypothesis was created, based on the properties observed just by looking at it. The unknown substance (Unknown B) was thought to be Calcium Chloride as a result of both liquids being colorless. Next, you create two different chemical reactions to attempt to support your hypothesis. In this experiment, the chemical was tested to if a precipitate could be identified. To begin the experiment, 3 drops of unknown B were added into a clean plate well, then 3 drops of Sodium Carbonate were added in the same well. The second test was very similar to the first. Initially, you added three drops of Unknown B into a different plate well than test one. Subsequently, three drops of Sodium Hydroxide were added to the second well. Finally, you clean of the work space with a paper

“What happens when you put acid on different minerals?” (Formoso, Acid Test: How to tell Minerals Apart , 2013)

1. Develop hypotheses predicting the effect of pyrite and coal on the acidity of water?

The purpose of the lab was to mimic the way Mendeleev placed the elements on the periodic table. Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who produced the first orderly periodic table. Frist, the way the periodic table has been classed alongside the atomic sum and the elements with related properties. Second, the objectives are observeing the physical states of common elements, and the progression of the periodic table, lastly speculate by determining the unknown elements established on the observed progression. As a group we tried to find out where the unknown elements should be placed. Finnly, the information that was given to help us with our process was the state, density, hardness, conductivity, melting point, and color.

The limiting reactant of a chemical reaction is the substance that places an upper bound on the amount of product that the reaction can produce. The limiting reactant places this upper bound because the reaction must stop once all of the limiting reactant is consumed.

Tools used in this experiment include an electronic scale, a Mohr pipette, a micropipette, test tubes, a bowl of ice, a mortar and pestle, and a ruler. Materials needed include liver extract from bovine liver, water (distilled and regular), hydrogen peroxide, apple cider vinegar, baking soda, and pH paper. In order to achieve and determine our results, we prepared 6 test tubes, each with 2.0 mL of hydrogen peroxide (3% H2O2). We then added 2.0 mL of distilled water into 2 test tubes making that our controlled substance, 0.22g of baking soda into another test tube, 0.24g baking soda into a 4th test tube, and 8.0 mL of apple cider vinegar into the last test tube. The 2 test tubes with the baking soda were used as our basic solution and the 2 test tubes with the apple cider vinegar were used as our acidic solution.

Scientist use rocks and

Start the experiment by taking 3 agar cubes containing pH-indicator dye phenolphthalein, and have the teacher cut three different cubes each with different measures; a cube measured 3cmx3cmx3cm, another 2cmx2cmx2cm, and another 1cmx1cmx1cm. (The agar cubes are acting as artificial cells for this experiment). Place each agar cube in the solution of vinegar and water, and start the stopwatch as soon as the cubes hit the water. Stop the stopwatch as soon as the smallest cube becomes fully clear and record how much time it took for the physical property to completely change. The agar cube is supposed to change color from pink to white, the phenolphthalein dye gives the agar cube the pink color. The purpose of this experiment is to test the relationship

Unfortunately, the wood and water created another problem.. The water was absorbed into the wood causing an enormous difference between the starting and finishing data. This total percent error for the percent by mass was around 3000%, requiring the scientists to wait a few days for it to be totally evaporated in order to accurately calculate results. Although there were no actual chemical changes throughout the experiment, there was a constant state of physical change within the water. For instance, the salt was absorbed into the water, causing it to be seamlessly blended but not changing its chemical properties. For our last substance being the salt, it was quite surprising how long it took just to get the water

The hypothesis was if a more acidic solution is added then the limestone will dissolve more because stronger solutions break down the bonds between the particles faster. The data neither supports or refutes the hypothesis because although the acid did significantly break down the rocks, the molarity didn’t correlate directly to how much mass the rock lost. The rock that was dropped in only stayed the same weight before and after the experiment, 3.95 grams. The rock that lost the most weight was the rock that was in solution with a molarity of 2, in which the change in mass was about 2.71 grams. The rock that lost the second most amount of mass was the rock that was placed into the solution with a molarity of 1, where 2.49 grams was dissolved from the rock.

I suspected that the limestone in cup two would not lose as much mass as the limestone in cup one because of the lower concentration of vinegar. Additionally, the limestone in cup three, showed a decrease in mass less than the first two cups. It only lost 0.2 grams of mass. I did not anticipate the soda water would cause a great deal chemical weathering. Finally, the mass of the limestone in cup four decreased the least.

It was believed that if the amount of time that the rock went through heating and cooling increased, then the weight of the rock would decrease because while the rock goes through more heating and cooling eventually it will fracture causing the weight to decrease. This is called heat fracture. The data gathered did prove the hypothesis to be correct. For the longer trials with more minutes, the rock's weight did decrease more rather than the shorter amount of trials. For example, the one minute trial barely had a 0.6g difference proving our hypothesis correct, while the 15 minute trial had a significant change in the rock's weight due to the longer time experiment.

During this experiment, our concluding data almost perfectly validates Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass, with only one oddball being the mass of the combined baking soda and vinegar after the chemical reaction. This oddball may be explained by a small spillage of baking soda that occurred just before the trial. Besides this one oddball, our data clearly states the both before and after the chemical reaction, the mass of the combined reactants remained the same. If we had more time to conduct this investigation, we might have added more than three trials, possibly with different amounts of each reactant to further analyze the reality of this law. We also would have attempted assessing this law by using the FAC’s room and finding the mass

It was hypothesised that the vinegar would cause the most decay as the vinegar is a strong acidic substance. As the pH level of the vinegar was low, it was very acidic resulting in a high mass loss of 95.784% as seen in Graph 3, Average shell mass loss percentage graph. The water that had a more neutral pH of 6 did not have a large decay like the vinegar. Its decay process was of a minor 0.014%. The soft drink had a somewhat acidic pH of 3.5 and a small decay percentage of 1.901%. The orange juice had a pH level of 4.5 but has the second largest decay percentage of 8.796%. The milk’s pH level was 6.5 and had a decay percentage of 0.560%. These results raised several reasons for decay in the range of liquids offered.