6-OHDA Model

movement disorder, however, the etiology of the disease remains uncertain. Animal models of PD and histochemical techniques provide evidence suggesting that that nuclear DNA fragmentation occurs in substantia nigra neurons in PD patients. Animal models has been used in experimental studies to try obtain 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is an experimental study that has been used to develop animal models for testing new therapies in the human disease while using its mechanisms to provide

experimental model shows a progressive selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy bodies as in PD. And these experiments show the relevance of the development of PD by the pesticide exposure and the defect of systemic complex I. but in MPTP, it produces inhibition of Complex I in the catecholaminergic neurons only. 2) 6-Hydroxy-Dopamine (6-OHDA): It is a hydroxylated analogue of dopamine that is considered as a neurotoxin used in animal model of PD induction

we used one adult male Sprague-Dawley rat weighing 283 g. The subject was on a 6 am turn on, 6 pm turn off light cycle and was fed and given water regularly. The subject had also already gone through a rotometer test to find the subject’s preferred rotational direction. Materials A stereotaxic apparatus was used to hold the subject in position throughout the surgery. Anesthetic delivery system. We used a SurgiVet, Model 100 precision vaporizer for isoflurane with a concentration of 4%. This anesthetic

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most widespread age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Both diseases impact a considerable number of people, where AD occurs in around 10 percent of the population greater than the age of 65 while PD occurs in roughly 1 percent of the population above the age of 65. AD is considered to be the most widespread cause of dementia, characterised by the progressive memory and cognitive deficits which impair ones day to day activities. The pathological

combination with the presence of α-synuclein proteins and cell survival. To give a short overview of the steps that will be taken to complete the study. Obtaining stem cells, whether adult, embryonic or induced, shall be done using healthy mouse models and after ethical approval has been gained. The process to derive them will be detailed below, however they are also purchasable commercially with the benefit of being well studied and accompanied by a detailed analysis of properties, however with

Rotenone is the most intoxicating member of the rotenoid family and is typically found in tropical plants. It is both an herbicide and insecticide having a half-life of 3-5 days depending on light conditions and degrade quickly in soil and water (Hisata 2002). The toxicity of rotenone comes from its high lipophilia and it can easily cross the blood brain barrier. It is mainly used in rats since, so far, the studies attempting to lesion in mice or monkeys have not been successful (Ferrante et al.

A wide variety of dosing regimens are used to create the MPTP mouse model [155, 216-219]. In all cases, cell death is rapid with the first signs appearing within 12-72 hours and is maintained for several weeks [220]. Other hallmarks of PD observed include reductions in striatal DA and TH, elevated levels of acetylcholine, and reduced GSH [155, 221], as well as inflammatory markers and reactive gliosis [222, 223]. Mice administered MPTP display behavioral signs of decreased locomotor activity including

consistent to the cortical glucose hypometabolism observed in PD patients. Indeed, the pathology of PD has been found to involve several brain regions other than the SNc and many neurotransmitters other than dopamine (Lang and Obeso, 2004a, b). PD models using MPTP and rotenone have now been used extensively in PD research (Beal,

3.1.8.2.3. Rotenone model: Rotenone is a naturally occurring complex ketone, derived from the roots of Lonchocarpus species (Figure 9) (Uversky, 2004). Rotenone is a well characterized, high-affinity, specific inhibitor of complex I, one of the five enzyme complexes of the inner mitochondrial membrane involved in oxidative phosphorylation (Bonsi et al., 2006). Originally, rotenone was employed by Indians as a fish poison. Today, it is a commonly used pesticide and is also used in reservoirs and lakes

During normal development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neural stem cells (NSC) give rise to neurons via process of neurogenesis (Kempermann et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2008). Neurogenesis normally occurs in dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus and lateral ventricle of sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) (Zhao et al., 2008). Hippocampal neurogenesis plays pivotal role in neurologic and psychiatric disorder like epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia and mood disorders (Antonova et al