CHAPTER 1:
Formative Assessment and Assessment for Learning
CHAPTER 1
Formative Assessment and Assessment for Learning
1
CHAPTER 1:
Formative Assessment and Assessment for Learning
Innovations that include strengthening the practice of formative assessment produce significant and often substantial learning gains.
—Black & Wiliam, 1998b, p. 140
his conclusion, from Paul Black and Dylan Wiliam’s comprehensive review of research on formative assessment practices, has changed the face of assessment today. It is in large part responsible for the widespread focus in education on the particular kind of assessment known as “formative.” Their research review (1998a) examined studies that collectively encompassed
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Figure 1.1
Formative Assessment
Formal and informal processes teachers and students use to gather evidence for the purpose of improving learning
In the classroom we assess formally through assignments, tests, quizzes, performances, projects, and surveys; or informally through questioning and dialogue, observing, and anecdotal note taking. In any of these instances, we may or may not be engaged in formative assessment: the determining factor is not the type of assessment we use, but rather how we and our students use the information.
Summative Assessment
When the information from an assessment is used solely to make a judgment about level of competence or achievement, it is a summative assessment (Figure 1.2). At the classroom level, an assessment is summative when it is given to determine how much students have learned at a particular point in time, for the purpose of communicating achievement status to others. The communication
Figure 1.2
Summative Assessment
Assessments that provide evidence of student achievement for the purpose of making a judgment about student competence or program effectiveness
5
Seven Strategies of Assessment for Learning
usually takes the form of a symbol, a letter grade or number, or a comparison to a standard such as “Meets the Standard” or
A formative assessment provides informal feedback and information during the teaching process. This assessment measures student progress and performance thus allowing further improvement and development. It can also assess the teacher’s progress as an instructor, enabling the teacher to evaluate the effectiveness of their teaching methods.
Assessments are the process of evaluating an individual’s learning. They involve generating and collecting evidence of a learner’s attainment of knowledge and skills and judging that evidence against defined standards. Formative Assessments (quizzes and practical tests) are used to
Formative Assessment- The formative assessment is the annotated passage reading assigned on the first day. If students read and took notes, answering the five w’s of who, what, where, why, when they will receive the full ten points. The other formative assessment will be the participation and note sheet handed in at the end of day four regarding Aaron Huey’s photos. If students took notes, wrote their opinion and joined in class discussion at least once they will receive the full ten points.
For example a task or activity is not formative unless the information it provides is actually used to take learning forward. The distinction is undoubtedly useful in helping to understand the different uses of assessment. What a pupil does or says will be observed and interpreted by the teacher, or other learners, who build on that response to develop a dialogue aimed at helping learners to take their next steps. This is formative assessment, AML– SC2005011237 2 TDA 3.7 Support assessment for learning which contrasts with summative assessment.
Coffey, J. E., Hammer, D., Levin, D. E & Grant, T. (2011). The Missing Disciplinary Substance of Formative Assessment. Journal of research in science teaching. 48 (10) PP. 1109–1136 (2011) College of Education, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 2 Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 3 St. Paul School, Baltimore, Maryland Received 17 April 2011; Accepted 5 August 2011. Retrieved from file:///Users/EleanorNewbold/Downloads/Coffey_et_al-2011-Journal_of_Research_in_Science_Teaching.pdf
The term ‘formative assessment’ is used to describe the activities and processes used by teachers and learners to gather information that informs future teaching and learning. Assessment becomes formative if the information gathered is used as feedback to adapt and modify teaching and learning (Black and Wiliam, 1998, p.2). There are a variety of different methods and techniques that can be used by teachers and learners that can contribute to enhancing learner progress. These include
Assessment is defined as any practice or task that is used to produce information about student learning, and is categorized as either formative or summative (Wallace & White, 2014). There is a distinct difference between the various types of assessments, specifically formative and summative. Formative assessments are informal quizzes that are used to guide instruction
Assessment is used to make a specific educational decision and is the process of evaluating the extent to which participants in education have developed their knowledge, understanding and skills.
Kealey (2010) assessed the measurements for the students learning and evaluated the instructors teaching. To assess the students learning, formative activities were used, which allowed for developmental gaps to be discovered between what was expected and what the current performance of the students were. Being able to discover these gaps through the formative assessment it will allow the gaps to be filled with the appropriate actions to meet the expected goals (Kealey, 2010). I can definitely relate to how formative assessment is being used in the educational setting. For instance, within programs of non-profit agencies, I can use the formative evaluations as a way to see where
Dunn, K. E., & Mulvenon, S. W. (2009). A Critical Review of Research on Formative Assessments: The Limited Scientific Evidence of the Impact of Formative Assessments in Education. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 14(7), 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1002/ir
Formative assessments have become a huge component of my instruction practice. Our district encourages the use of formative assessments rather than the traditional summative. Keeley (2016) states that much of the weight has been shifted on the side of formative. I have used short surveys or questionnaires
Recently, whenever I hear current teachers discussing about assessing students, ‘Formative Assessment’ is sure to be highlighted. Nowadays this method (formative assessment) is becoming popular among schools and is being applied widely in schools including my own school. Loughland and Kilpatrick (2015) identified in the few past decades, formative assessment has turned out to be the main goal for teachers and educational systems. On the foundation of Loughland and Kilpatrick (2015) findings and from my experience in the field of teaching, I found out nowadays teachers and school stakeholders strongly feel that formative assessment is the best method to assess in order to enhance students’ learning. For these evident reasons, I am interested in finding
I knew I was incorporating a mix of formative and summative tests in my class, however I did not remember those terms. Now I have a better understanding of what formative and summative assessments are. Formative assessments provide me with valuable immediate feedback on what my students are learning so that I can improve my
Formative assessment is rather a practice where the teacher is able to give feedback for improvements and simultaneously allows the students to develop the ‘revision culture’. By getting feedbacks form the teachers, students are able to identify their weaknesses and strengths. Moreover, they develop the culture of how to learn for a specific objective. Also, the teachers identify the topics where their students are struggling and plan their lesson according to the needs of their