72 New Gene Mutation Essay

Women who are at the greatest risk are over the age over the age of fifty years of age. Patients with a family history of cancer, especially in their first degree relatives, may have inherited mutations of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genetic mutations that put patients are risk for cancer. Patients that have a history of breast cancer are five times more likely of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.

Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when a buildup of mutations in critical genes—those that control cell growth and division or repair damaged DNA—allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer can be caused by inherited genetic factors. These genetic

Breast cancer is the most common cancer that affects women in the United States. There are at least two majors genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that when they mutate can cause breast cancer. These genes can be passed from parent to child, increasing the risk of developing cancer in those child that have parent carrying these genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are located on chromosome 17 and chromosome 13 respectively. There is a 90% chance of developing breast cancer for a woman that has these mutated genes. In contrast, men carrying BRCA1 have no risk to develop breast cancer, but those carrying BRCA2 genes have high risk. It is important to note that mutations in these genes can be passed on to children by either parent. A man with a mutation is just

     Breast cancer, a very painful disease emotionally and physically for women, can also be detected with genetic testing. The majority of cases of breast cancer are not the result of known inherited mutations, but rather from two breast cancer susceptibility genes: BRCA1 and BRCA2. Although the two genes are similar, BRCA1 mutations lead to estrogen receptor negative

and it is the most common form of cancer identify a disease or its cause after skin cancer among women. Although both men and women can develop this type of cancer, it affects mostly women. Like any other type of cancer breast cancer happens when there are changes in the cells of the breast making them different from what's usually expected and changing quickly to form a lump in the body. Today, doctors have found that only five to ten percent of breast cancer cases are caused by something valuable you get when older relatives die. When breast cancer is caused by something valuable you get when older relatives die is due to a tiny chemical assembly instruction inside of living things change that is passed through generations in a family. There is some received changed in a bad way tiny chemical assembly instructions inside of living things that have been identified that make a person easily able to be harmed or influenced by a higher risk of breast cancer. Among all this different types of born-in tiny chemical assembly instructions inside of living things the most common one is BRCA1 and BRCA2. Both of these tiny chemical assembly instructions inside of living things not only raise the risk of breast cancer but ovarian cancer also. Among different racial groups, White woman are at higher risk for breast cancer. The number of times something happens for this group of 132.5, however although white

The process of unraveling the mysteries of the human genome creates enormous possibilities in the world of science. Knowing where on our chromosomes a specific gene lies allows scientists to look inside the human body with more intensity than any X-ray could ever achieve. By analyzing the genetic make-up of human beings, scientists can track diseases back to their most fundamental stages. In recent years, scientists have discovered two genes that play a role in the development of various kinds of cancer in both men and women. With the additional ability to test individuals for their possession of deformed copies of these genes, many ethical questions have been raised. Although the

Women with mutations in the p53 gene also may be at increased risk of developing breast cancer. However, mutations of the p53 gene are rare, affecting an estimated 1 in 10,000 individuals (Athma et al., 1996 cited in McCain, 1997).

With three members of my family having breast cancer, it is believed that getting genes tested for mutations would be a intelligent decision. Due to breast cancer being a common disease in my family I decided to investigate scenario three into further detail. I feel it would be beneficial to get my genes tested to determine if I have a chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the future.

I was reading an article titled "Breast Cancer: Predicting Individual Risk", it is written about a doctor at the mayo clinic in Rochester, MN. "He is widely regarded as the one of the international leaders in the genomics of breast cancer." He says, " Two women with the same high-risk mutation in a breast cancer gene- and thus the same sixty-five percent lifetime risk of breast cancer- could, in fact, have very different outcomes. Depending on how the other 20,000 odd-genes in her genome might be acting in the background, one woman may develop breast cancer at an earlier age, and the other might not even get it (p. 1-2)". He is studying to give women the best information on their genes as possible. Doctors are learning way more about this disease than other doctors in the past which is in return helping woman of all ethnicities with their road to recovery and healing processes. Young states, "According to the American Cancer Society about 230,500 women in the United States have been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer this year. Nearly 40,000 women are expected to die from this cancer this year. Only lung cancer causes more cancer deaths in women (Young, 2011, p. 1)". That is still a big number of women that do

Such findings, all of which relate to hormone-based life events, suggest that breast cancer is somehow affected by prolonged exposure to female sex hormones, such as estrogen. Women with a history of breast cancer in the family are also at greater risk. About five percent of all breast cancers have been attributed to a mutated, or structurally altered, gene known as BRCA1. Mutations in a second gene, BRCA2, contribute significantly to the development of breast cancer in Jewish women. Alcohol, high levels of fat in the diet, and not exercising regularly have also been linked to increased risk for breast cancer (Garber).

“Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is an inherited tendency to develop breast, ovarian and other cancers. Inherited conditions are passed to an individual through their blood relatives. Although most cancers are not inherited, about 5% of people who have breast cancer and about 10% of women who have ovarian cancer have HBOC” (Patient Education Online, 2013). “HBOC is caused by an inherited change in a gene, called a mutation. The majority of HBOC is due to a mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes” (Patient Education Online, 2013). There are many risks for people with HBOC. These risks include having a higher risk of getting breast cancer (40% to 87% lifetime risk), a higher than usual risk of breast cancer before age

I believe this scenario is slightly simplistic, as I am not aware that the BRCA1 gene mutation only has implications for developing breast and/or ovarian cancer, and has no other synergistic effect on other disease causation. We can have many genetic factors which may predispose us to a particular disease, but

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are gene mutations long associated with high risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Now, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have found new evidence that it might also predict treatment resistance in ovarian cancers.

Breast cancer is a genetic disorder occurs in breast cells because of irregularities in cell growth and division. It mostly occurs due to modifications of regulatory genes known as oncogene and tumor suppressor genes [1].Around 180,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in United States and 40,000 people die each year [2]. Approximately 50% of hereditary breast cancer cases reported are related to error in repair mechanisms due to loss of BRCA1 AND BRCA2 genes. It is important to scrutinize incidence rate as it can help estimate lifetime and age-conditional risks. Established factors that increase risk of breast cancer are; age, familial history, previous radiation therapy and exposure to estrogen.

Once it is determined that Ms. Brown has a positive test genetic counseling should be started right away. Different treatment options should be discussed with Ms. Brown. Risk reduction surgery such as bilateral mastectomy would decrease here risk of developing breast cancer by 90%. Women that