72.O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers & Non-Dippers.

(Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, p 703) defined Blood Pressure (BP) as ‘the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood, and is expressed in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg)’. BP is still one of the essential and widely used assessment tools in healthcare settings. Nurses generally record the arterial BP which is the forced exerted blood that flows through the arteries, to establish a baseline and to determine any risk factors. BP

Blood pressure is a physiological measurement and would need specific measurement for the prescribing of anti-hypertensives

K.H. is a 67-year-old African-American man with primary hypertension and diabetes mellitus. He is currently taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and following a salt-restricted weight loss diet. He is about 30 pounds over his ideal weight. At his clinic visit his blood pressure is noted to be 135/96. His heart rate is 70 beats/min. He has no complaints. His wife brought a blood pressure cuff and stethoscope with her in the hope of learning to take her husband’s blood pressure at home.

The concern on whether anti-hypertensive’s should be withheld in patients who are hypertensive has been debatable in the recent past. Generally, the treatment of hypertension among hospitalized patients is basically an opportunity to enhance the recognition and treatment of blood pressure (Axon, Nietert & Egan, 2011, p.246). This is mainly because hypertension is a basic risk factor for heart diseases, stroke, and death whose impact is widespread to nearly 70 million adults in America. There have been numerous educational initiatives and publication of treatment processes to address this condition in the past few decades. Despite these measures, nearly 39 million Americans are at risk of hypertension because they have not reached their desired or optimal blood pressure.

"Oscillatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Devices." BMJ : British Medical Journal. BMJ, 20 Oct. 2001. Web. 16 Dec. 2016. .

Part 2: Use any free online histogram maker* to draw Histograms for the blood pressures of the users and nonusers ages 35–44. Discuss one conclusion that can be made about blood pressure and pill use. *Here are some free resources:

The convenience sampling that was used in recruiting all male patients who were on blood pressure medications is a glaring bias in this study. There was no information provided addressing why the patients were presenting to the clinic. There are many interventions that can raise blood pressure. For example, the study conducted by Marshall, Anantharachagan, Choudhary, Chue and Kaurhis, (2002) investigated the effect of situational anxiety on blood pressure experienced in anticipation of a blood test. Marshall, et. al., (2002) found that anticipation of a blood test can raise blood pressure. Foster-Fitzpatrick, et. al., 1999 did not address the purpose of the patient’s visit to the clinic.

The purpose of this lab is to understand how to measure the heart rate and blood pressure of an individual by the appropriate method. It is important to know how to take these measurements accurately in the healthcare or fitness professions. In this lab, the heart rate was measured by a stethoscope over the chest, and with the middle and index fingers for the carotid and radial arteries. For blood pressure, a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope were used to identify the Korotkoff sounds that indicate the systolic and diastolic pressures. Risk factors such as heart disease and high blood pressure can be discovered through the

Among all five subjects, there was no obvious or consistent dose or time –related changes in systolic blood pressure. Isolated systolic blood pressure readings > 140 mmHg were infrequently

Fagard RH, Staessen JA, Thijs L. Optimal definition of day-time & night-time BP. Blood Press Monit 1997; 2: 315-21.

A cuff sphygmomanometer in the brachial artery has been accepted as a routine method of blood pressure measurement but it is actually higher than corresponding central blood pressure measured from aorta and carotid artery. However, many evidence suggests that central blood pressure is better related to the risk of cardiovascular events than is brachial pressure [5]. Vaccarino et al. reported that the increased central pulse pressure about 10 mmHg increases a heart failure risk about 14 %, coronary heart disease about 12 % and cause mortality about 6 % of the population older than 65 years [39]. To monitor the hypertensive condition, central blood pressure values i.e. systolic, diastolic blood pressure and augmentation index are used as gold standard parameters. PWV is also a useful marker of target organ damage such as heart, brain, aorta and kidney in hypertensive patients [16]. In addition, treatment decisions on central pressure, rather than brachial pressure, is more likely to have important clinical application for the diagnosis and proper management of hypertension because anti-hypertensive drugs have differential effects on brachial and central pressure[40]. Recently, the 2013 hypertension guidelines has added aortic PWV as a recommended test for detecting large artery stiffening associated with

This policy change was the implementation of the VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of hypertension in primary care. This policy stipulates that the diagnosis of hypertension will be determined by blood pressure (BP) readings on two separate patient visits, and a minimum of two BP measurements should be performed during a patient visit when the initial blood pressure reading is greater than 120/80 mmHg (Health Quality VHA, 2004). The data collection measures were appropriate as it showed a percentage of practitioners were omitting a second blood pressure reading. In order to make an appropriate clinical decision in the management of hypertension an accurate measurement of blood pressure reading must be obtained. An inaccurate

The study showed a non-complicated hypertension risk ratio of 2.23 and an RR of 2.01 in cases of complicated hypertension, defined as hypertension with organ damage (17).

position, then their blood pressure would ne higher than when it was measured from the reclined

Approximately one in every three adult’s ages 20 years old and older are diagnosed with high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension affects 78 million people in the United States and is equally prevalent in both men and woman (Crabtree et al., 2013). Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Hajjar & Kotchen, 2003). It can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, heart failure, neurological issues, and death if not detected early and not treated properly (James, Oparil, Carter, & et al., 2014). Approximately 9.4 million deaths in 2010 were attributed to high blood pressure (Angell, De Cock, & Frieden, 2015). About 54% of strokes, 47% of coronary heart disease, and 25 % of other cardiovascular diseases are attributed to high blood pressure (Arima, Barzi, & Chalmers, 2011).