A Brief Account on Andre Lefevere’s Manipulation Theory

Heaney and Raffel’s translations are both phenomenal works of literature. Heaney, however, concentrates more on how poetic and similar the

Post-modernism was “a reaction to the assumed certainty of scientific, or objective, efforts to explain reality” (Public Broadcasting Service, n.d.). It can be suggested that reality is something that we each create and possess individually. Morimura took a work from the late 1500’s and changed it to fit his personal intentions and interpretations. It embodies post-modernist devices, such as stereotyping, the crossing of genre, and contemporary culture (Felluga, n.d.). By using these devices, Morimura transforms a work that could only seem applicable to the venerable and religious, to a work that is easily recognized and applied by the general public. He transforms the work from Bruegel’s reality to his own, in endeavour to resolve it. It is thought that appropriation is unoriginal, or possess aspects of plagiarism and negligence. However, the use of appropriation to give old works new meaning is justified in the sense that it allows the build-up and corroboration of ideas, supporting the growth and change of value systems as times and realities

Throughout Ken Kesey's novel, “One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest,” the use of manipulation is a re-occurring motif. Manipulation is defined as 'shrewd of devious management. Manipulation is put into context by how the character's use it. The first character to master it is the antagonist Nurse Ratchet. She uses it to manipulate patients to manage her mechanically structured ward. The other character is the (antagonist, protagonist?) patient McMurphy. He on the other hand manipulates people to help them grow or gain money. These two characters also go head to head with the power of deceptive manipulation as their weapons.

In this paper, I will list the findings of previous studies based on Leppihahalm's strategies and compare it to see which is the better strategy used, in addition to my own analysis of allusions in Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 and it's translation into Arabic by Saaid Al-Adom.

An authors values and ideas originate and stem from their personal, historical and cultural context. By comparing the two authors Tim Winton (from an Australian context) and Zohra Saed (Afghani/New York context) we are able to see how similar values are shaped through identity/contex. Winton uses various literary techniques to embed personalised values into his texts such as place, family, and identity in “Big World”, 2005 and “The Turning”, 2005. Zohra Saed has implanted her values of culture, family, memory and identity into “What the

Literature has been a part of our cultural inheritance that enriches our lives from centuries. Every literary work carries such great historical, social, intellectual importance and deepens our understanding of our society as well as our history. History plays a basic role in shaping any kind of literary works: every play, poem, novel we read is either affected by the people surrounding the author, the political context in which it was written or the society that shapes the entire work. As Roland Barthes argues that the author “can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original” meaning that he is always the product of his time and that he always writes what she or he learned from that particular time in history.

Huxley only conveys the negative effects of the idea that outside forces such as advertisements, institutions and our peers through the characters in Brave New World. However, through research, manipulation has been proved to have some positive effects on our mind despite the negatives that the role of manipulation plays on us.

In the poem “Ballad of Birmingham”, by Dudley Randall, many different things can be analyzed. The difference in the two translations; one being a literal translation, telling the true meaning of the poem, and the other being a thematic translation, which tells the author’s theme and symbolism used in his/her work. Another thing that all poets have in common is the usage of poetic devices; such as similes, metaphors, and personification.

In Huxley’s well renowned novel, Brave New World, in an attempt to alter society, the government uses various techniques of psychological manipulation to control the way citizens think, behave, form their personalities, and live their lives. A huge theme in this novel is control and power. The leaders of the World State use various forms of manipulation to create an ideal utopia. Psychological manipulation is a type of social behavior that pursues to alter the actions of an individual through violent or devious undertakings. Manipulative behavior is not something that is easily identifiable because these individuals are usually good liars, are deviating, and only target vulnerable people. During every crisis such as World War I, the Great

In modern literary interpretation, the correspondence of the authors intention with the meaning of the work, is considered paramount to discerning the ‘true’ literary meaning of a work . E.D. Hirsch a renowned literary critic argues that to correctly interpret a text, the interpret must consider the author and the text’s “inner” and “out horizon”. To discover the inner horizon, the interpreter must look at the culture and background of the work and author so they can understand the logic, belief systems, and historical context that bound the work. The addition of the outer horizon allows the reader to consider the author’s intention in writing the piece. Hirsh establishes that a literary interpretation can be considered the most probable, if the reader considers the plausibility of the interpretation based on the context established from the text’s horizon, coherence .

It has been 68 years since George Orwell forewarned civilization of the totalitarian government society would be under the control of in his prophecy of 1984, and 86 years since Aldous Huxley warned humanity of a future where civilization would be oppressed by technology. Both these novels are still seen as prevalent today, and there have been many debates over which prophecy best represents the world nowadays. Years have passed with no form of Big Brother watching over every move somebody makes. However, Huxley’s predicted form of oppression can be seen all over the current world. As a result of technology, the population has come to need constant stimulation and endless distractions, resulting in a severe deterioration of mindsets and behaviour. People have started to form emotions rather than opinions, which has shown a lack of actual thought and insight in population today. Things that were once taken seriously are now just seen as one more form of entertainment, which has created a trivial society. Based on modern humanity, Huxley’s prophecy is more accurate and is closer to current reality.

“From the sphere of my own experience I can bring to my recollection three persons of no every-day powers and acquirements, who had read the poems of others with more and more unallayed pleasure, and had thought more highly of their authors, as poets; who yet have confessed to me, that from no modern work had so many passages started up anew in their minds at different times, and as different occasions had awakened a meditative mood.” (2) (paragraph 31).

Likewise, translation cannot be considered to interact with the reader, seeking to communicate the meaning of the original text as the content is not essential in our appreciation of the text. His question assumes the original and the translation as distinct categories, both of which, for him, are works of art. Apart from carrying messages and prolonging the value of texts, what is unique to translation is its potential to “express the central reciprocal relationship between languages”(72), its kinship to another language and its potential to bring out the pure language where the “mutually exclusive elements among languages can mingle and supplement one another” (74) and where ‘complementary intentions’ between two languages can be communicated. Therefore, the translator should not be restrained by the burden of relaying what the original means. Benjamin claims that “languages are not strangers to one another, but are, a priori and apart from all historical relationships, interrelated in what they want to express” (72).

However, Transclturality is seen by Welsch not only as a descriptive concept but as a concept but as a concept that has an active power on a society. It rooted in political beliefs and nourish them. Not only that The old concept of “culture as an island” does not reflect the modern individual or society, it is also promote a dangerous acceptance of a homogenous society and reject the task of understanding the fluidity and flexible characterizes of

This approach is concerned about the social content of the literary work, consequently, the idea is to analyze literature from the implications and the consequences that a capitalist system has on a specific society. As cliffsnotes.com, (n.d) indicates: “this theoretical approach asks us to consider how a literary work reflects the socioeconomic conditions of the time in which it was written”.