A Brief Catalyst System Of Polypropylene Essay

Polymers a large molecules made up of a chain of smaller molecules, known as monomers. The monomers that a polymer is made up of decide its structure and therefore it's function. These monomers are linked and coiled in a very specific manor giving the polymer a specific tertiary structure (an extensively coiled and linked polymer chain caused as a result of the formation of more bonds forming). This tertiary structure is crucial to the function of a polymer as it denotes the necessary shape of the complementary molecule. This is easier explained through an example.

The benzene molecules replace 3 of the CO bonds and rest parallel to the plane of the remaining CO groups. The products geometry is such that it can be considered octahedral as opposed to tetrahedral. The carbonyl to molybdenum bonds are close to 90 degrees instead of 109.5 which is indicative of a tetrahedral complex. Using H NMR and infrared spectrum it is possible to analyze the product and determine its relative structure and composition. CO stretches have unique places within the spectrum and thus can be noted. H NMR can be used to determining the structure by comparing it to that of mestylene. Looking at these spectrum’s allows for one to look for indication of methyl group

To keep it as simple as possible, (K.I.S.S.) this topic involves the study of: 1. POLYMERS FROM PETROCHEMICALS & BIOMASS

The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.

Polymerization: converts gaseous olefins, such as propylene and butylene, into larger molecules in the gasoline range.

Plastics are also called polymers, are produced by natural products like oil, natural gas or coal.

in many different product Today, countless producers all over the world rely on the properties

Oil replaced the main energy resource, coal. Coal was number one on the energy source to power electricity and used for transportation. Later on, in the 1960’s these plastic bottles were made out of high-density polyethylene. This made it cheaper for the manufacturers to create these bottles out of polyethylene. Since then plastics started to replace materials such as metals, wood, and glass.

Polymers are formed through a process of polymerisation reactions (10), the most common reaction types being addition and condensation reactions (10). In an addition polymerisation reaction (Figure 1), double-bonded hydrocarbons (alkenes) react together to break their double bonds and covalently bond to form monomers (10). Highly branched molecules have the inability to 'line up' with one another which causes an amorphous solid, which does not have a predictable arrangement or repeating pattern (10). Long-chain molecules have regular and repeating structure which causes cyrstallinity, due to the increased attraction of intermolecular forces (10). Condensation reactions occur when a hydrocarbon molecule also contains oxygen, where two functional groups containing hydrogen are present on each molecule (10). These molecules form a dimer when attached together which then combine to create a polymer, and results in a water product

We found that Polypropylene was our 5th unknown. Polypropylene (C3H6) or more commonly referred to as PP, is used for labeling, packaging, textiles, and stationery. In 1957, the crystallization of polymer was discovered. Soon fabric was made from the polymer, and was in high demand. It can also be used for moldings of cars, film, tape, foam and carpet. Polypropylene can not be glued to any objects or itself, and so it is melded. After Polyethylene, Polypropylene is the highest produced synthetic plastic. Polypropylene also holds up well over time, which is one of the reasons that it is the second most produced plastic. The melting point is between 130-171 degrees celsius. Because polypropylene is tough and flexible it can be used as an engineering plastic. Finally, polypropylene can be used be manufactured into a living hinge. A

Three polymers with industrial applications were produced. Ethylene glycol and glycerol both produced polyesters with thermoplastic properties. These plastics are soft and malleable when heated, but solidify once removed from heat. Thermosetting plastics were obtained from a reaction with phthalic anhydride rather than with a carboxylic acid because it is more reactive. The reaction between phthalic anhydride and ethylene glycol produced the linear polyester. Correspondingly, the reaction between phthalic anhydride and glycerol produced a cross-linked polyester with a more rigid three-dimensional structure. Linear polyesters are characterized by each component of the reaction having only two functional groups. Cross-linked polyesters form a rigid three-dimensional structure due to more than two functional groups present in one of the monomers. As a result, the linear polymer chain becomes cross-linked to another polymer chain. Both required the removal of water in order to shift the reaction toward the desired product. Additionally,

Both natural and synthetic polymers are a vital part of our daily lives. Natural polymers are found in rubber, skin, hair etc. Synthetic polymers are found in nylon, polyester, plastic, chewing gum etc. This lab is demonstrating the properties of the common synthetic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It is often used as a thickener or stabilizer cosmetics but also in paper cloths, films and cements.

Alkenes—referred to as olefins due to their oil forming tendency with chlorine—play an important role in the production of polymers. The work by Ziegler and Natta on the catalysts for polymerization of alkenes established the roots of the polymer industry. However, a major catalyst to its growth was the great discovery made by Grubbs, Schrock and Chauvin that won them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005—olefin metathesis.

There were three types of polyethylene, Low-density polyethylene, High density polyethylene and Low linear density polyethylene. Polyethylene produced from ethylene. Ethylene is produced from oil or natural gas. Ethylene plants separated either naphtha molecules (derived from crude oil) or ethane molecules (derived from natural gas). The ethylene derived from this

Polymers effect every ones life almost every day allowing us to make many valuable items that can help make our lives easier including plastic, PVC, and shellac there are also natural polymers that we benefit from such as rubber and amber. Polymers are truly a great and very beneficial item to everyone for they are tough, durable, and cheap but they are also recyclable which can be very beneficial to our environment and societal needs. The only negative effect is when it is not properly disposed but this is really the users fault not the actual item its self