A Brief Look at Down Syndrome

When I look at the Water Lilly I see a very peaceful place. The light tells me that it’s a sunny place. It is a soft place and I see someone playing there or laying down on the bridge having fun. I see the way he used the different colors in the artwork.

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that numerous individuals around the world suffer from; it is an intellectual disability that is caused by having one too many chromosome 21 copies, trisomy 21. The average person has two copies of chromosome 21 in each cell, whereas, an individual with Down syndrome has an extra copy of chromosome 21. This happens when either the sperm or egg cell undergoes atypical cell division during development. In the United States, there are approximately 400,000 individuals who have been diagnosed with Down syndrome, according to the last census in 2012 (National Down Syndrome Society).

Both the Queenslander and Terrace house were both introduced into the colonial Australia during the mid and late 19th century throughout the densely populated cities of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Although both types of houses came from the arrival of British and European settlers each of these architectures were introduced to respond different demographic, economic, environmental and climate conditions of the contrasting regions of Australia. The Queenslander originated to respond the tropical climate and environmental condition of Queensland. On the other hand the Terrace house was consequent of the dominance of European cultural influences and to quickly respond the demographic growth in the early

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. There are three genetic variations that cause Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21 or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.  Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in every single cell of the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down syndrome patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems.

The etiology of Down syndrome is due to a genetic mutation within chromosome 21. There are three types of Down syndrome, which include Trisomy 21, Mosaic Down Syndrome, and Translocation Down Syndrome. Trisomy 21 occurs when there are three copies of chromosome 21 in each nucleus, instead of the usual two. This type of Down syndrome occurs 95% of the time. Mosaic Down Syndrome occurs 1% of the time and is characterized by some cells having three pairs of chromosome 21 and others having the normal two. This is caused by abnormal cell division after

Down syndrome was first recognized in medical literature as a distinct disorder in 1862 by John Langdon Down.3 At that time, research in this field was just beginning and individuals with cognitive impairments were not typically differentiated from one another based on medical diagnoses.4 John Langdon Down was the Medical Superintendant of the Royal Earlswood Asylum for Idiots in Redhill, England. The Asylum was among the first to differentiate those with

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder also known as trisomy 21, that develops when there is an extra chromosome inside the cells of a person. Normally a person has 46 chromosomes so when a developing infant has an extra chromosome 21 they will have 47 chromosomes in a cell causing them to develop Down syndrome. Although you might think it is hereditary Down syndrome is not passed down from parent to baby nor do we know why it happens, it occurs at conception and there is no cure for it nor does it go away.

Down syndrome is where every cell in the body has a nucleus, genetic material is then stored in genes. Some of those genes carry codes that are responsible for the inherited traits that are grouped up along rod-like structures that are called chromosomes. Down syndrome is the part that occurs when one individual has a partial or full copy of chromosome 21. The nucleus of each cells contain 23 different pairs of chromosomes, half of those which are inherited from each of the parent. Some common traits of Down syndrome are low muscle tones, upward slant in the eyes, and single deep crease across the center of the palm. Approximately 400,000 Americans have Down syndrome and almost 6,000 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States

Down is the namesake of the disease and is commonly called the “father” of Down syndrome. Down’s original name for the syndrome was “Mongolian Idiocy,” because of the slanted eyes and flat face of the carriers (National Down Syndrome Society). He thought that it was a throw-back to Mongolian ancestors, but the term is now out-of-date and thought to be offensive. For centuries before, however, Down syndrome characteristics had been found in art, literature, and science (National Down Syndrome Society). Down was working in a mental institution when he observed that several of his patients had similar features, and this urged him to study them (Ward). He finally concluded that they had a common disease, and classified it as Mongolian Idiocy (Ward). In 1959, Jerome Lejeune identified the disease as a chromosomal condition (National Down Syndrome Society). He found that instead of 46 chromosomes, there was an extra partial or complete 21st chromosome. In 1965, the name of the disease was changed from Mongolian Idiocy to Down syndrome, so it would be less offensive (National Down Syndrome Congress). In more recent years, much research has been conducted about Down syndrome. Many diseases have been linked to the syndrome. In 1986, researchers studying Down syndrome tissue found evidence of the amyloid plaque from Alzheimer’s (Bishop and Waldholz). This let to the discovery that Alzheimer’s is contained in the 21st chromosome, and that people with Down syndrome are more

The deficiency is named after John Langdon Down, a doctor who first described the condition in 1866 (Hickey et al., 2012). There are several ways Down syndrome occurs. The most common type of Down syndrome occurs when chromosome 21 fails to separate during development, producing an additional copy of chromosome 21 called trisomy 21. During formation of sperm and egg cells, chromosome 21 fails to separate, which produces the additional chromosome 21, and the cell contains 24 total chromosomes. When the affected cell is joined with a normal sperm or egg the fetus has 47 chromosomes with three copies of chromosome 21 (Patterson, 2009). The origin of the additional chromosome 21 comes from the mother about 88% of the time, 8% of the time from the father, and 3% after the sperm and egg cell have joined (Natoli et al,

In the 1900s people born with Down syndrome were not expected to live lone the life expectancy was between the ages of 9-12 years of age. It wasn’t until 1930 that several researchers came together a discovered the basis of Down syndrome and proposed that the illness may be from the result of a chromosomal anomaly. J. Lejeune, R. Turpin, and M. Gautier in 1959 demonstrate that Down syndrome was associated with nondisjunction which is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division.

Cause/ Type of mutation: The most common form of Down syndrome is identified as trisomy 21. It’s a condition in which individuals have 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of 46. The cause of trisomy 21 is due to an error in cell division which is identified as nondisjunction in which leaves a sperm or egg cell with an extra copy of chromosomes 21 before or at conception.

Down syndrome is sometimes called trisomy 21. This results from a chromosome disorder that results in an extra chromosome or a part of a third chromosome within the cells of a person (Blackman, 1990). “It was first identified by John Langdon Down in 1866” (Carr, 1995, p.1). Down syndrome causes learning disabilities, developmental delays, and health problems that can be very severe.

syndrome. This disease is named after John Langdon Down, who was the first physician to tell about the disease systematically. This disease sometimes referred to as 47 or trisomy 21, is a very serious life altering disease. Down syndrome is caused by an extra or partial chromosome 21,which is called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction happens when chromosomes are distributed incorrectly during egg and sperm formation. Most body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes from each parent, adding to 46 chromosomes. When you have an extra chromosome it adds to 47, causing down syndrome. When the egg meets the sperm to form a normal embryo, the embryo gets three copies of chromosome 21. After that the chromosome is copied to each cell as the baby develops. In some rare cases down syndrome is cased by Robertsonian Translocation. This is when the long arm of the chromosome 21 break off and attaches itself to another chromosome at the centromere. People which have such a translation will not have down syndrome, but can have children with down syndrome. There is only one chromosome affected by this horrendous disease. Down Syndrome controls several aspects of the human body. Chromosomes play an extremely important role in human life. Chromosomes are the blueprint of genes, which is human life. Having a disability

Hester Prynne lived in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston, Massachusetts in 1642. The Puritan society was a group of people that lived in this village and town. They are very religious and use the Bible and God as their standard for behavior and punishment. This group of people, especially Puritan women are very intimidating and ruthless. They love watching people be punished and embarrassed when they committed a sinful crime. Hester Prynne is one of the first characters to be introduced to readers. Nathaniel Hawthorne describes Hester Prynne as a tall woman “with a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale. She had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam, and a face which, besides being beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion, had the impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes” (Hawthorne 60). Hester was the lady every guy wanted. She was stunning and so graceful. However she had committed one of the worst sins.