A Brief Note On Asian Development Bank ( Adb )

Water contamination is vastly becoming an alarming issue across the world. We rely on clean water to survive, yet right now we are heading towards a water crisis. Changing climate patterns are threatening lakes and rivers, and key sources that we tap for drinking water are being overdrawn or tainted with pollution (www.nrdc.org). Clean and plentiful water is the cornerstone of prosperous communities. Yet as we enter the 21st century, swelling demand and changing climate patterns are

The need for water in all of society is of the upmost importance in order for humankind to survive. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) states that the Earth’s surface is made up of about 70% water and only 3.5% of the water is fresh water suitable to consume (Perlman, 2013). In order to have the resource of water that society needs, companies such as the Trinity River Authority (TRA) are formed in different communities around the globe. Water supply and reclamation companies range in size and structure from public to privately owned and run.

Thesis/Central Idea: Accessibility to clean water is a global issue that can greatly reduced through water filtration, chlorination, and collection grids.

Thanks to the United Nations general assembly recognizing the need for clean water in Resolution 64/292, the states and international organizations have been called on to provide funding and resources to help developing countries provide safe, clean, affordable, and accessible water to all. This is a step in the right direction, seeing as women and children in some countries have to walk more than 30 minutes to collect water- if there is any water to collect at all.

In the peaceful island country of Tuvalu, there is no genocide, no civil unrest, but no fresh water source. Rainwater harvesting is the primary source of fresh water. Rainwater collected from roofs, to gutters, and stored in tanks; unfortunately, these tanks are poorly maintained, or damaged by tropical cyclones, resulting in a lack of water (Kingston, 2012). Three out of the nine islands that make up the country of Tuvalu have a natural water source; however, the three islands with a natural water source, have issues with their septic system, and it contaminates their aquifer, and its thin fresh water lens. The purpose of this paper is to provide the country of Tuvalu a plan to establish a permanent desalinization plant for the country to have a consistent source of safe, clean drinking water.

During the early 1960’s and late 1970’s, the management of water and sanitation services underwent several reorganizations to help gap the shortages in public health needs between the economically sound municipalities and the growing communities without economic solvency. Two key systems were developed to bridge these gaps; In 1968 The Sanitary Financing System, was created and in 1971 National Water Supply and Sanitation Plan (PLANASA) was established. Under PLANASA, investment in infrastructure increased significantly as water coverage doubled between 1970 to 1990. Furthermore, the access to sanitary sewerage systems doubled nationally. During this period, the PLANASA and other peripherally related governmental organizations were investing over $11 billion in water and sanitary sewer systems, with the bulk of the funding going towards water quality and distribution systems. However, turbulent financial times troubled Brazil during the 1980’s and led to a governmental reorganization which established the Sanitation Secretariat (SNS) under the Ministry of Social Welfare (MAS) which manages water resources and infrastructure. (Heller,

Incredible water shortage in the Middle East region has compelled countries to reuse this water for many purposes. Treated wastewater can be used in agriculture, industry, recharging aquifers (Middle East Water Shortage). This method leads to conservation of traditional sources of water which further can be used “for meeting the demand for higher-quality water such as that for drinking, or for high value-added industrial and agricultural uses.” Also the climate fickleness’ influence will lessen by means of reuse. But there are few problems connected with leading treatment into usage. One of them are health and environmental risks (Baroudy 2005, 25-35). Purified in such way water contains bacteria, viruses and parasites (Middle East Water Shortage). Use of treated water can cause different infectious and gastrointestinal diseases. According to Baroudy even contact with this water sometimes can cause allergies and other dermatological illnesses (2005, 25-35). Another problem is that this water has some biological and chemical matter dissolved in it, which can obstruct soil pores. Clogged soil has less ability for leaking which leads to bad irrigation efficiencies (Middle East Water Shortage). But, of course, some standards with the purpose to limit these effects were elaborated. Toughening standards require financial investments (Baroudy 2005, 25-35). Process of waste treatment requires special equipment and construction of special water treatment

The problem this project is exploring is the lack of attainable sanitary and clean water for impoverished people, also known as the water crisis. The fact that people suffer because they live without clean water while many others waste clean water is an inequality that needs to be solved. This problem greatly affects our world. “783 million people do not have access to clean and safe water worldwide” (WHO/UNICEF. 2010). That is about 1 in every 9 people. Also, “1 in 3 people, or 2.4 billion, are without improved sanitation facilities” (WHO/UNICEF. 2015).

Access to clean water is a basic human right and yet people around the world don’t have that right and they struggle to survive without it. The many uses of clean and potable water include water for drinking to cooking other daily purpose. It is reported that over 1.1 billion people lack access to an improved water resource and three million individuals, and majority of them children, suffer and die from water-related disease. The need to improve water quality and providing clean water should be major project for developed countries like the US and so called “well developed countries”.

A demand site is a set of water users that sharing a physical distribution system, that are all within a defined region, or that share an important withdrawal supply point. It determines the total amount of water that required to supply from the source (SEI, 2016). Demand sites can be lumped together into aggregate demand sites or demand sites for different water uses can be disaggregated into individual demand sites, and this aggregation level is generally determined by the level of detail for water use data available and the level of detail desired for analysis (SEI, 2016). The demand site's priority is for supply, relative to all other demands in the system, 1 is highest priority and 99 is lowest. Likewise, in this research there is only one demand site that covers the whole water requirement data of the town for different water users and the priorities are sated 1. Under this demand site, there are different water uses that used in this model. It can be classified as:

These factors which indicate financial capacity contribute to a water system’s fiscal sustainability. Financial capacity can also be improved by minimizing the cost of water production and distribution. For example, making treatment processes more efficient, attending to water losses, improving energy efficiency, having well-trained staff, and cooperating with other water utilities can improve the financial health of a water utility.

The prevailing water stress in many developing countries especially in urban areas is not only due to source limitation and high growth rate in population but also due to other factors such as poor water distribution efficiency, inequalities in service provision between different sections of the city, and poor and ineffective management system. One of the main reasons is the high rate of unaccounted for water losses or Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in the water distribution network.

As water supply and sanitation is either non-existent or ineffective in cities and more largely populated areas, it is also struggling in rural areas such as smaller villages. Part of the reason why access to clean, usable water is unavailable is because of

An increasing urban population has been creating a huge gap between demand and supply of water every year. The last Census estimated that approximately only 70 per cent of urban towns have access to safe drinking water. The minimum per capita supply of water required in urban areas varies from 70 lit/day to 130 lit/day, and this requirement of water supply varies according to the land use classification of the towns. The sources of water supply, purification, pumping of water, storage and distribution varies from place to place. In Tamil Nadu, out of 744 towns (including corporations and municipalities), 145 towns are not fully provided with water supply.

The landscape of Hyderabad’s water utility today is characterized by inadequate water supply outpaced by growing demand, an unreliable network, inequitable water access for low-income households, and a tense political climate. If these issues are not urgently addressed in the private-sector participation (PSP) sought by the city, they will continue to plague Hyderabad into the future. After thorough analysis, we recommend the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB) strive for an output-based concession that grants a private company flexibility to expand as desired, but also ties financial incentives to expansion and performance to ensure pro-poor coverage.