A Brief Note On Breast Cancer Research Paper

Women who are at the greatest risk are over the age over the age of fifty years of age. Patients with a family history of cancer, especially in their first degree relatives, may have inherited mutations of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genetic mutations that put patients are risk for cancer. Patients that have a history of breast cancer are five times more likely of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.

My mother, Bonita, was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 45. She first discovered the lump herself and proceeded to take it to a professional to get it checked out. There is no evidence in her immediate family to say that this is hereditary, but a combination of a few factors increased her risk of getting breast cancer. My mother was overweight, has had an early menstruation (before age 12), lived a sedentary lifestyle, and at the time she didn’t have a well-balanced diet. Along with those factors, her doctors pointed out that her risk could have been increased by her use of an oral contraceptive.

There is no true known reason why women get cancer, but there are several scenarios that can increase the risk of getting breast cancer, most genetic and lifestyle choices. Age is a scenario that increases the chance of getting breast cancer. Women between age 50 and age 70 are where 8 out of 10 breast cancer

Cancer often goes undiagnosed because the symptoms of it are not obvious. However, breast cancer can be typically diagnosed in the early stages if a person is aware of the symptoms. Many women are able to beat breast cancer because it is often diagnosed while it is still in the early stages. There are more treatment options available for cancers that have not spread. Below is a list of some of the most common breast cancer symptoms:

Such findings, all of which relate to hormone-based life events, suggest that breast cancer is somehow affected by prolonged exposure to female sex hormones, such as estrogen. Women with a history of breast cancer in the family are also at greater risk. About five percent of all breast cancers have been attributed to a mutated, or structurally altered, gene known as BRCA1. Mutations in a second gene, BRCA2, contribute significantly to the development of breast cancer in Jewish women. Alcohol, high levels of fat in the diet, and not exercising regularly have also been linked to increased risk for breast cancer (Garber).

As stated in the original post the BRCA1 gene mutation is a genetic marker that predicts cancer now, however it may not be a marker that predicts cancer in the future. Through the use of social imagination, we are able to see how this current gene mutation may no longer be an indicator of cancer. We can see this by using GMO products as an example, before GMOs were created growing enough food was becoming a challenge under the conditions that were being used to grow the crops. As a result, the genes of crops were modified in order to meet the demands under the limitations of the growing environment. By using the similar logic, the BRCA1 gene is one that possesses undesirable traits at the current moment. Therefore, the BRCA1 gene could be genetically

Risk factors for developing breast cancer include: female sex, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, early age at first menstruation, having children late or not at all, older age, and family history. About 10% of cases are due to genes inherited from a person 's parents. Breast cancer most commonly develops in cells from the lining of milk ducts and the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers developing from the ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those developing from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas.

The second issue presented is ‘biological’. This is based on the premise that there are ‘strong’ mutations and ‘weak’ mutations associated with differing degrees of risks and maybe different cancers. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation may not test positive the initial genetic screening due to level of significance.2 Also, in 1995, Ponder strongly suspected that breast cancer may have 4 or more genetic indicators in addition to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.12 In other words, If BRAC1 and 2 test did not test positive, then another defective gene may be responsible for breast cancer for the development of cancer2. Further investigation reported by the Journal of Nature Genetics in Figure 1, concluded that “familial breast cancer (left) constitutes only 5-10% of total breast cancer (right). The genes known to be involved in familial breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2) account for only 20% of familial

Men are capable of developing breast cancer too, however they are much less likely; only 1 in 1000 men will develop breast cancer over their lifetime. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women, second to lung cancer. The two most significant risk factors for developing breast cancer are a person’s gender (being female) and a person’s age (being older, 60+). Women are 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer than men. Women who have a first degree relative that has been diagnosed with breast cancer are at nearly double the risk of developing breast cancer. While inherited abnormalities account for only a small percentage of breast cancers, a person’s risk is still increased if they do inherit these gene mutations from their mother or father. The two most common mutated genes that are inherited are the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. A woman who inherits a BRCA1 mutation has a 55-65% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. If a woman inherits a BCCA2 mutation they are at a 45% lifetime risk. For men, an inherited BRCA2 mutation is associated with nearly a 7% lifetime risk. Both of these put one at a much higher risk for developing breast cancer as opposed to not having either of these mutations. Other risk factors that put a person at an increased risk for developing breast cancer include obesity, nulliparity (women who have never been pregnant or borne a child), early menarche or late menopause (due to the longer exposure to hormones; estrogen and progesterone), lifestyle (sedentary or heavy alcohol exposure), and previous treatments with birth control pills, combined post-menopausal hormone therapy, or radiation

1. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppression genes are both used to help regulate the cell cycle. Tumor suppression genes produce proteins that inhibit cell division, and proto-oncogenes produce proteins that stimulate cell growth and division. The balance between the activities of these two genes ensure cells are dividing at a suitable rate for their body. Mutations affect these cells in two different ways. When mutation occurs, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes. Oncogenes promote excessive growth and causes the cells to divide excessively, even when it is unnecessary for the cell to keep dividing. When mutation occurs for tumor suppression genes, the tumor suppression genes can become inactive. Because tumor suppression genes inhibit and lessen

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are gene mutations long associated with high risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Now, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have found new evidence that it might also predict treatment resistance in ovarian cancers.

It all starts off as a big puzzle, you have all these pieces that connect together that leads to a sequence of numbers. These numbers may be in order and fit perfectly into your puzzle, but then there is that one out of place piece that makes the puzzle not complete, that essentially is what the BRCA 1 gene mutation is, just a misplaced puzzle piece. The BRCA 1 gene mutation can go by many names like breast cancer 1, early onset or IRIS, but no matter what name you call it, it still inflicts some questions and concerns. The BRCA 1 gene mutation is a human gene that produces tumor suppressor proteins located on chromosome 17 at position 21. These proteins when not mutated, help repair damaged DNA and play a role in ensuring the stability of one 's cellular genetic material. When the gene becomes mutated, faulty, or altered it has the reverse effects. The protein sometimes does not form or forms incorrectly, therefore leading to DNA damage that may not be repaired properly. This results in an unfinished puzzle piece, which leads to the development of genetic alterations, in other words, could increase your risks of certain cancers. The BRCA 1 gene mutation is just like all other genes is inherited and passed on by your family, but it does not mean you will have the mutation. The BRCA 1 gene mutation can be inherited from either of your parents when one of your parents carries the mutation you have a fifty percent chance of inheriting the mutation. If you do inherit this

Breast carcinoma is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of death in women. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) plays a critical role in early diagnosis of any palpable breast lump.

A family history of breast cancer may increase your risk of getting breast cancer. Although someone in your family has breast cancer does not mean you will have it too. About 75% of patients with breast cancer do not have a family history of breast cancer. Girls who have a menstruation before the age of 12 and women who has menopause after the age of 50 can increase your risk of cancer. Older women are at higher risk then younger women. Women over 40 who have there first pregnancy is at risk of getting the disease. White woman are more likely to get breast cancer than African-American women, but African-American women are more likely to die from cancer. Asian, Hispanic, and American Indian women have a lower risk of getting breast cancer then white or black women. According to a study, woman who takes birth control has a slightly greater risk of getting breast cancer. Most studies suggest that use of HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) for relief of menopause symptoms for more than 5 years may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer (Breast Cancer Statistics, 2008).

Having a BRCA gene mutation is not common; however Inherited BRCA gene mutations are responsible for more than five percent of breast cancers and ten to fifteen percent of ovarian cancers. Fortunately, with technology diagnosis test became more sophisticated and reliable.