A Brief Note On Drug Injection Migrant Workers

Vancouver Injection Drug User Study (VIDUS) is a project that gives a prospective study and has over 1500 IDU 's enlisted to assist since 1996 and gathers data on drug use, health, sexual activity, etc. Some of the topics discussed included: prison culture, availability and price of drugs and equipment, drug use, VIDUS shows that the risk of HIV infection indicated that incarcerated injection drug users were associated with a greater risk of 2.7 times (Small, Kain, Laliberte, Schechter, O 'Shaughnessy & Spittal, 2005).

Holmes is looking to understand the political, economic, cultural and social elements involved in migrant labor and health. Holmes describes the many instances of violence these workers experience when trying to cross the border,

Exacerbated by structural barriers, this economic desperation propelled many to risk their lives to pursue a better future across the border. Recognizing migrant agencies highlights the importance of empathy and compassion in addressing immigration issues. Rather than demonizing migrants as criminals or threats to national security, understanding their agency encourages a more compassionate approach to immigration policy. It reminds us that behind every migration is a human being with hopes, dreams, and aspirations—a reality often overlooked in these debates. Throughout the novel, Urrea exposes the complex web of migration industries that perpetuate the cycle of border crossings and the risks faced by migrants.

Sharing of needles used by injection drug users contributes heavily to the spread of blood-borne diseases, accounting for almost one third of new HIV infections outside sub-Saharan Africa (Ball, 2007). Various studies support that blood-borne disease transmission and contraction are strongly linked to injection drug use. A study conducted by Semaan et al. that analyzed data of 10,301 persons who inject drugs in revealed that 32% had shared syringes during the 12 months prior (Semaan et al., 2011). A second study involving 309 injection drug users found HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C prevalence of 42.4%, 80.9%, and 74.1%, respectively. The study also revealed that 63.8% of the participants engaged in indirect sharing practices within six months prior.

For example, a major issue, and humanitarian crisis is the Syrian Refugee Crisis. This partly arose as their government was concerned with spending a disproportionate amount on military and public-sector wages while they disregarding the economically disadvantage in a war-torn environment. Consequently, over 4.7 million people are seeking safety and fleeing from violence. Many of these individuals are seeking ways of immigrations as they have been displaced (2016). Moreover, this illustrates a vulnerable situation where individuals may turn to illegals methods of immigrations including, but limited to, smuggling. To further illustrate this point, the now infamous picture of a young boy who was deceased on a beach illustrates the negative implication that can transpire when individuals feel that hiring a smuggler is their best course of

Are drug users people too? The health and safety of all people is crucial. It’s important keeping drug dependent people free of HIV this prevents its spread to their partners and their children. In order to provide necessary care, free sterilized needles should be given to drug users. The public should be advised of positive effects of needle exchange programs and warned of the risks of not supplying adequate syringes. The provocative idea of giving drug addicts clean needles to help slow the spread of HIV/AIDS was first broached in 1985. This concept has been under research ever since. Harm reduction approaches for those who inject drugs, including the distribution of clean needles and syringes, are proven interventions to prevent transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses, and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other leading public health agencies.

HIV has affected people all across the world. HIV comes with physical and mental symptoms. The body symptoms include skin flaking off, being dry, skin peeling off (Saliba 23) , fingernails falling off (32), and weight loss (14). Mentally it is hard to sleep, people become weak, and are tired all the time (23). People all across the world are infected with this disease, and the problem with this is the fact that most do not even know they have it. The most people who are infected each year are African Americans, gays, or bisexuals. 10,315 African Americans were infected in 2015. The U.S.A. has estimated about 1.1 million are infected with the disease. Equally to about 12,333 deaths happened in 2014 from AIDS related diseases, and 6,721 deaths from AIDS directly. Although there are a large amount of people getting infected, on the other hand eighteen percent of the population with HIV is declining since 2008-2014 (“U.S. Statistics”). In the world about 33.2 million people worldwide have HIV, with 22.5 million people in sub Saharan Africa are living with this condition, one out of nine people who live in South America have HIV or AIDS (Saliba 8).

Heroin, methamphetamine, and opioids have been around for centuries and the use of these drugs is not a new phenomenon. The use of injection drugs causes individual’s serious harm and have placed large expenses on the health care system. “Heroin, cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year, shattering families and bringing misery to thousands of other people” (United Nations iii); Because of-these incidents harm reduction strategies have been put in place to create a safer and more educated population, but it has only been a start. ‘Safe injection sites’ has become a well talked about term in the last decade. The term itself refers to a physical place

People planning to migrate in order to attain a better life are very susceptible to being victims of trafficking. Many are lured into accepting an opportunity to migrate when promised a decent paying job, but that are in reality exploitative and fraudulent.

Throughout this study, each finding led to other inquiry questions, which would eventually lead up to finding an answer for the initial inquiry question. The researchers conducted extensive interviews to understand how truckers’ occupational stresses led to depression, drug abuse, and unprotected sex. They studied other nations to understand how sexual networks disseminate HIV in a country where feminine and poverty had previously weakened people’s immune systems. They learned how each person in the truck stop world (polishers, lumpers, truck-stop waitresses, drug dealers, prostitutes, and pimps) all interact with each other

The gradual impoverishments of the Central American countries, the few job opportunities, earthquakes and hurricanes disasters, and the violence that is lived for several years at those countries seem to have contributed to the creation of a culture of migration. In different countries there have been networks of people engaged in human trafficking. Migrants say that there is no easiness to contact these networks in any Central American country. When there are resources these networks are accessed to. When there are no resources to pay for a “coyote”(name given to the person trafficking migrants), people do it on their own, using roads and other means such as the train, following other people who also migrate. In that road they face an increased

Since the 1980’s, the HIV epidemic continues to affect individuals all over the world; the HIV virus can affect any individual regardless of their socioeconomic status. HIV is a human immunodeficiency virus that is believed to have originated in Africa during the 1920’s, however, it did not spread to other continents until the 1980’s. According to the center for disease control and prevention, HIV is most prevalent in African-American communities. Unfortunately, it appears that the HIV virus is increasingly affecting African American women with a low SES status. One’s SES status is determined by one’s social and economic standing; SES is often measured by one’s level of education and income. One’s socioeconomic status may determine how an individual

Immigration is a very broad topic, a topic that has been highly discussed in the past. However, what is the reason that most people think people migrate from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, or Guatemala? Most would say it is because of job opportunities that will better their families. Some say it is because of the higher rate of freedom in the United States. However, not many people look at the hard environments back in the homelands of the immigrants. Maybe a big reason for crossing the border is to escape the hostile situation that is at hand. The roots of this hostile environment are the gangs and cartels. Of course, there are problems of violence all around the world, but they are nothing compared to the impact these Central American groups bring to the table. This paper will discuss my thoughts on why this is an important topic, what is going on across the border and how it is effecting more than just the migrants, and finally my opinion of the situation at hand.

It is an inconsolable and distressing image to drive through the once prominent and beautiful United States of America as countless problems are tearing it apart. Millions are roaming the crime-filled streets, searching for jobs as others rot in jail for evil deeds that they have committed against others. The great white supremacy that paved the foundations that this country was built on is crumbling, and other ethnicities continue to fill in. Nevertheless, the morals of our grandparents continue to shatter as drugs are becoming a problematic release to countless people. All of this can be traced back to the single greatest problem in the United States of America, which are the illegal immigrants of Mexico who are the sole reason we have disgraceful

Many individuals are afraid to get tested for HIV and are afraid of the stigma associated with HIV when disclosing their status to partners. They are often subject to their own psychological and other social stress which often hinders appropriate management of the infection. This is not always without reason as disclosure of an HIV status can lead to exclusion from ones family, friend-circle or dismissal from the workplace. However disclose to a family member, partner or friend can provide psychological and later physical support. Also the fear of individuals they love finding out that they are HIV positive may lead to anxiety or isolation. Non-disclosure can often affect healthcare and management of the persons’ disease as the fear of dependents finding out will require the individual to hide taking the medication and use personal funds to pay for treatment to avoid the medical insurance company from informing co-dependants (Alonzo & Renolds 1995).