A Brief Note On Electro Encephalography ( Eeg )

The EEG results are used to determine where sensors will be attached, to earlobes, or even hair to transmit thoughts through a transducer. The patient then must complete "tasks" by thought utilizing the appropriate brainwaves depending on the individual goal or disorder of that subject.

There have been solutions that were introduced in the past and that are still used today to determine if a person has epilepsy. One of the solutions is called the electroencephalography (EEG), which was introduced in 1929 by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger (Jefferys, 2010). This was a breakthrough in psychiatric and neurological history. It was a minimally invasive diagnostic test that recorded the electrical patterns in a person’s brain. This allowed doctors to measure the electricity that the brain makes and to determine the brain’s activity. Overtime, it became popularly used during the late 1940s and early 1990s (Jefferys, 2010). This was the time when digital EEG recordings became available. Then, in the late 1990s, the digital recordings became faster, demonstrating the presence of ripples and fast ripples, which marked as epileptogenic zone (Jefferys, 2010). During an EEG, a patient would have tiny electrodes and wires attached to his/her head. The brain waves would be detected through the electrodes, which would then allow for the EEG machine to formulate the brain signals and record them on a paper or on a screen (“EEG,” 2016). An EEG is still used today. Another solution used to determine if a person has epilepsy is the patch-clamp technique. It was developed by Neher and Sakmann between the 1970s and 1980s. This method

From a quantitative point of view cardiac arrests after an ambulatory surgery unit are a rare emergency, but why is this problem important? This problem is important because about 234 million person wordwide have major noncardiac surgeries every year (3),and even if a really small percentage of these people have cardiac arrest during or post-surgery, it is still a lot of people that can be saved by implementing appropriate measurements in order to prevent and respond to cardiac arrest. According to the article “Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest in Adults Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Survival,(3)” post-operative cardiac arrest occurs at a rate of approximately 7 per 10000 noncardiac surgeries (2). From a qualitative

Furthermore, it can be argued that there may be no point in testing for EEG reactivity since studies had shown that some specific EEG patterns seen in anoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest suggests a poor outcome and these patterns do not react to external stimuli such as in alpha coma (Misra and Kalita 2005; Kaplan and Sutter 2012), generalised burst suppression (Blum and Rutkove 2007; Sandroni, C et al 2014) and status epilepticus (Sandroni, C et al., 2014). However, the specificity of these EEG patterns in the determination of prognosis is low (63%) according to Thenayan et al (2010). They found four patients with malignant EEG pattern recovered awareness. However, evaluation of EEG reactivity has significantly improved prognostification

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) involves putting the patient under anesthesia and placing electrodes on the patient’s scalp (“Electroconvulsive Therapy,” n.d.). Electric currents are passed through the brain from the electrodes, triggering a brief seizure. This causes changes to the brain chemistry that can reverse symptoms of mental illnesses (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). During the process, heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen level are monitored (“Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT),” n.d.) and an electroencephalogram records the electrical activity in the brain (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). The whole procedure takes about 5-10 minutes (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). ECT is generally used to treat depression that is unresponsive to other forms of treatment

Unlike positron emission tomography (PET), MEG does not involve anything entering the patient’s body. Minassian, Otsubo, Weiss, Elliott, Rutka and Snead (1999) used invasive EEG to determine the locations of epileptic spikes in 11 epileptic children. They found that MEG located the same abnormal discharges in 10 of the children. This suggests that MEG is a reliable source for localizing epileptiform sources, and so is more patient friendly procedure because patients do not require any incisions to access the brain surface like they do for invasive EEG. Invasive EEG is frequently used to aid surgery in epileptics, therefore MEG should be considered as a consistent, more comforting alternative that can assist surgery in epileptics. However, the importance in identifying epileptogenic responses is far greater than patient

Epileptic seizures are classified on the basis of the affected part of brain and the consequent clinical symptomatology [21]. The accepted scheme for clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures was first developed by international league against epilepsy (ILAE) in 1981 and subsequently it was modified in 1985 and 1989 respectively (Commission on Classification and Terminology of the ILAE, 1981, 1985, 1989). As per international classification of epileptic seizures, seizures can be classified into two main types, namely partial and generalized seizures

The goal of surgery is to achieve seizure freedom, by removal of the epileptogenic tissue,

d with this disease. Epilepsy is a disease at the edge between neurology and psychiatry. Because of this and because multiple disciplines (neuro-physiology, -pathology, -radiology, -surgery, and –psychology) are concerned with this disease, research in epileptology was interdisciplinary from the very beginning of the understanding that the source of epilepsy must be the brain. Since the early beginnings of epilepsy surgery back in the 1930s in Montreal, Canada, neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience and clinical epileptology have all been found to be strongly interwoven and they still stimulate each other. Some of the milestones in epilepsy research include Jasper and Penfield’s electrocortical functional mapping which represents a valuable

Furthermore, it is also important to record a baseline measurement of including heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. Firstly this information can help to determine whether or not a patient is fit for sedation, type of sedation and which setting is most suitable for the provision of care. Adverse effects both haemo-dynamically and respiratory can occur with administration of sedation. Malviya et al. presented a large-scale prospective study looking at respiratory events during sedation, and found increased adverse sedation related events occurred within with ASA classifications of III, and IV 19. Comparable results where also noted by Hertzog et al. who looked at propofol sedation in pediatric patients

An EEK is like an EEG but the wires are on your chest, back, and legs. An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan is a test that produces very clear pictures, or images, of the human body without the use of X-rays. For someone with epilepsy, a scan may help determine the cause. While I was getting blood drawn and given medicine to keep me from having more seizures, He knew everything was going to be okay.

Once the pretreatment evaluation has been conducted and it is decided the ECT will be used, the first step in electroconvulsive therapy is making sure all the equipment in place for the treatment. Kalapatapu (2017) stated, “A stethoscope, a blood pressure measurement device, electrocardiographic and pulse oximetry measurement devices, and an oxygen delivery system should be present. Supplies for inducing anesthesia, providing ventilation, monitoring physiologic functions (including seizure activity), and performing resuscitation should be present” (para 5). Monitoring vital signs is a key part of the equipment. The equipment also provides preliminary management in case of medical emergencies. The equipment mentioned helps to make sure the process is smooth and most effective. Once the equipment is in place, the first step in treatment is anesthesia.

The patient’s respiratory reflexes are also lost under general anesthesia. Since the patient is not able to protect the airway on his own, it is the duty of the personnel monitoring the patient to protect him from aspiration. For patients with existing health conditions that are at a higher risk of complications under general anesthesia, further monitoring of vital signs may be required to ensure patient’s

Electroencephalography is a form of measuring electrical activity in the brain using electrodes that are attached to the scalp. EEGs are interpreted by looking at amplitude, frequency, and shape of the waves that are formed. The significance of the results relies on patient specific information such as age, state of the patient, and the location of the electrodes on the scalp. Different areas of the brain can produce different wave patterns. There are four types of wave forms: alpha, beta, theta, and delta. Frequency is key in determining normal and abnormal EEGs, with normal frequencies ranging between 0.5-500 Hertz. Each wave type has its own range of normal frequencies, because each wave has its own set characteristics.

The ECT was being administered in theatre in the general hospital. In advance of the treatment the clients vital signs were checked and it was confirmed that consent was given. The client was then transferred to theatre. Present in the room was the anaesthesiology team, ECT nurse, surgical nurse, psychiatric consultant, registrar, psychiatric nurse and student nurse. Initially the client was hooked up to a machine to record her vital signs, anaesthetic and muscle relaxants were administered and the client was ventilated with 100% oxygen. Under anaesthetic the client has reduced capacity to breathe hence oxygen is administered, pure oxygen also reduces the deleterious effects on memory. Anaesthesia and muscle relaxants reduce the seizure threshold and the risk of injuries from motor activity during the seizure (Fink 2009). The client remained in the supine position, conductive jelly was applied bilaterally to the temples and the psychiatrist administered the electrical stimulus. The choice between unilateral and bilateral electrode placement remains