A Brief Note On Osteoporosis And Its Effects

Osteoporosis is a detrimental bone condition, the tissue in the bones deteriorate and thus the bones become progressively brittle which presents a risk for rupture. Osteoporosis impacts more than 44 million Americans and is linked to a suggested 2 million bone fractures each year. According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, the amount of fissures due to osteoporosis may escalate above 3 million by the year 2025. Osteoporosis is typically undetected and advances with slight warning signs until a fissure ensues. Effects of osteoporosis encompass height reduction and a curved upper back, anyone can have osteoporosis, however it is prevalent in elderly women and many may break a bone due to this condition. Recovery and prevention are vital in combating osteoporosis, though it may never be eradicated one can take measures to stabilize bone density and gain strength.

Osteoporosis, meaning porous bone from the Greek language, is bone disease that gradually and steadily wears down bone tissue and its living cells. This wearing down will eventually cause the cells of bone tissue to degrade and die, leaving their “scaffolding” to be the only things only bone together. Without living cells to take up a home in this scaffolding, minor injuries such as falls, bumping into objects, and pressure that would normally be completely and would not pose any threat to bone tissue suddenly becomes a real hazard that can easily pose a threat to one’s well-being. Osteoporosis affects a person skeletal system.

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis, also known as porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue which leads to bone fragility and an increased risks of the hip, spine, and wrist. Both men and women are affected by this (although it affects women more) but it can be prevented and treated. In the United States, more than 40 million people either already have osteoporosis or at a high risk because of low bone mass.

What is osteoporosis exactly? Literally, osteoporosis means “porous bone”. Derived from oste/o, meaning bone, and –porosis, meaning the condition of being porous. It is an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Clinically defined as a disorder characterized by compromised bone strength leading to an increased risk of fracture (Lane, 2006). Normal bone structure includes an extracellular matrix with mineralized and non-mineralized components, which gives the bones their mechanical properties, as well as collagen and mineralized osteoid cells. Calcium concentration is extremely important is determining the compressive strength of the bone (Bethel, 2015). The structure of bone in an individual with osteoporosis has lost mineralization and collagen due to a decrease in the production of these components as a result, the bones become porous and brittle. Bone is living tissue, constantly being broken down and reformed through out life. Derived from

Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,

There are two types of osteoporosis that have been identified which are primary and secondary. Osteoporotic bones are thin and brittle and are prone to fracture. The bone loss involves both compact and spongy bone. In type I osteoporosis, which occurs typically in postmenopausal women, spongy bone loss predominates, occurring most prominently in the vertebrae and distal radius (Gueldner, Burke, Smiciknas-Wright, 2000). Major complications of type I osteoporosis are crush fractures of the vertebral bodies and the distal end of the radius. Type II, or old-age, osteoporosis is characterized by a proportional loss of compact and spongy bone of the long bones (Gueldner, Burke, Smiciknis-Wright). The most serious fractures of old age are those of

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass (20-year-old healthy female average) as measured by DXA; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a fragility fracture.[1] Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause, when it is called postmenopausal osteoporosis, but may also develop in men, and may occur in anyone in the presence of particular hormonal

According to Osteoporosis (2011) “United States has the highest rate in the world in cases of osteoporosis. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) estimates that 10 million people (8 million women and 2 million men) in the United States have osteoporosis as of 2012” (Page 10).

Osteoporosis is a disease that decreases bone mass and strength and causes bones to become fragile. Osteoporosis affects almost 10 million individuals in the United States, but only a small proportion are diagnosed and treated (Lindsay & Cosman, para.1). In the early 19th century, Astley Cooper recognized the link between fractures and bone density reduction due to aging. French pathologist, Jean Lobstein, was the first person to name the disease and describe the pathological appearance and condition of osteoporosis (Who Discovered Osteoporosis, para.3). The term osteoporosis was derived from the Greek word osteon meaning bone and poros meaning passage or pore.

Osteoporosis is a generalized, progressive diminution of bone tissue mass per unit volume, causing skeletal weakness, even though the ratio of mineral to organic elements is unchanged in the remaining morphologically normal bone. Histologically there is a reduction in cortical thickness and in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone, normal width of the osteoid seams. Bone reabsorption is increased, bone formation appears to be normal but be defective. The major clinical manifestations of osteoporosis are bone fractures. The most common form of metabolic bone disease is the idiopathic osteoporosis in sub-adults of both sexes with normal gonadal functions. Post menopausal osteoporosis, of course between 50 & 70 years of age, and is six times more common in women than men (pathologia). There is a much greater loss of trabecular bone (cancellous) than cortical bone. It is largely responsible for vertebral crush fracture cooles’ fractures. Senile osteoporosis occurs mainly in individuals older than 70 years of age, is twice as common in women compared to men. It affects both trabecular and cortical

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization as “a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue with consequential increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture” This condition is a result of an imbalance in the normal processes of “ bone formation” and “bone reabsorption” which work together to maintain bone strength.” (Leyland, S. 2013) The purpose of this paper is to educate the reader about bone and joint health and how it effects the elderly population. The topic of this paper is osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a medical term used for skeletal disorder. Patients with this disorder suffer with decreased and decreasing bone strength and vitality; hence the patient is in risk for frequent fractures during their rest of life, also they are risk for disability early death with increased financial burden. Osteoporosis is recent days is recognized as major health issue in postmenopausal women as well as aged group in both sexes (Riggs, Melton, 1995). 50% of women who have crossed their 50 years are suffering from osteoporosis, or a fracture leading them to osteoporosis. In a pilot study conducted on samples of 483 postmenopausal women belong to age groups of 52 and 62 years, El-Desouki (2013) found the ratio of osteoporosis among the 52 year old women was 34%, where as among 62 year old women was 24%. El-Desouki stated these women are widely spread by Osteopenia. Statistics show, in Saudi Arabia, operations related to Osteoporosis are going up, and costs high annually, in 2004 reported as USD 12.78 million/year. According to statistics of Saudi Osteoporosis Society, only in 1999 femoral fractures resulted by osteoporosis cost USD 1.14 billion, and in the

Osteoporosis quite literally means “porous bone”. According to The National Osteoporosis Foundation, bones are in a very similar shape to a honeycomb and when you have osteoporosis the holes and spaces are larger than that of a healthy bone. This occurs because your bones are not replacing the “living tissue” that make them up causing them to

LO1. Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent skeletal disorder [1], which manifests as a deterioration in bone mass [1,2], contributing to an elevated risk of fracture [1,2]. Risk factors can be non-modifiable, including age, race (more common in Caucasian populations [1]), gender (women being more likely to be affected [1]), early menopause, small stature and a family history of osteoporosis [2]. Whereas, risk factors such as poor calcium and vitamin D intake, a lack of exercise, smoking and excessive alcohol intake, fall under the modifiable risk category [2]. Despite the asymptomatic nature of osteoporosis [1], patients can complain of pain, coupled with a visible deformity or apparent immobility [2]. Often fragility fractures, due to relatively