A Brief Note On Poultry Industry And Nepal

Infectious Diseases among the animals lead to vastly decreasing quantity of livestock culture. The outbreak of BSE and avian flu are vivid examples. Food-borne Illnesses one of the most important aspect of global healthcare.

Being born and raised in Nepal, I quickly noticed how the absence of legal and social policies perpetuated an environment of violence and inequalities for many of its marginalized citizens. Incorporating

Any big cooperation like Tyson, National Beef Packing Co…. has a goal to produce food in the most cost-efficient way. The main way they do this is by having a large number of animals or crops in as little space as possible, and to sustain them with the cheapest ways possible. The problem with big corporations running their businesses this way is that animals are being changed to grow at rapid rates and are put in living situations that are inhumane. With animals living in such close corners they are more likely to obtain diseases like E. coli., which is something that cows get that eat corn. Corn is one of the easiest crops to grow and also most cost efficient. The problem with this is that cows are not made to eat corn but are biologically supposed to eat grass. Cows that are fed corn are usually in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO’s). CAFO’s have high cases to of E. coli; when a cow gets E. coli. the rest of the herd will because they are in such close quarters. And it is almost impossible to track which cow may have it to stop it from spreading. If E. coli is not seen within the herd and then it can be distributed to humans E. coli, then can kill people in a matter of days. Big cooperation’s now use ammonia to kill bacteria on the meat which puts factory meat workers at risk for respiratory issues and infection. To have animals like cows in such close quarters is inhumane and seems to be more inefficient

Haiti’s chicken production supplies approximately 8000 tons per year (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistic Division, 2015). However, the production of chicken has been inadequate for the consumption because the importation of chicken meat increased significantly from nearly 16000 tons in 2000 to more than 64000 tons in 2012 (FAOSTAT, 2015). Moreover, the local production of chicken has been dominated by the imported chicken regardless of the increase of chicken supplied from 2011 to 2014 in Haiti (HaitiLibre, 2015).

I think the American in me is showing, we can be very rigid and too structured and that is often a fault. Perhaps going from working 40-60 hours a week plus going to school full time has left me with the inability to know what to do with down time. Outside the temporary lack of access to money, I am very much enjoying Nepal, every day is something new. Yesterday a bull in the road hit me on the side so I hit him back and today while having tea, two monkeys came running through trying to steal bananas, the traffic is crazy and I love walking across the street making everyone stop, in America pedestrians always have the right of way, lol.

The exponential rise in earth’s human population since the industrial revolution has put a heightened pressure on food production word wide. The global population reached approximately 7.2 billion in 2013 (United Nation News Centre, 2013) and consequentially the requirement for eggs and poultry has also substantially increased (Pluhar, 2010). As a result of this elevated demand for food, there has been a shift in the way agricultural practices operate to produce the large quantities of meat and eggs necessary to feed the population. The intensive farming method of animal husbandry has become quite a controversial issue and caused apprehension amongst many different factions of society. These concerns relate to how high density farming

Horizontal transmission is the most likely cause of pathogen outbreaks in broiler farms (Silva et al., 2011). Internal contamination of the farms, were due to residual presence of pathogens from pervious infected flocks (Newell & Fearnley, 2003). Whilst external contamination of the farm, was associated to pathogens transported into broiler houses in equipment/ utilities (such as feed, litter and water), by human activities (farm workers/staff), as well as birds and insects (Newell & Fearnley, 2003; Sahin et al., 2002).

Poultry in much of the developed world is now infected with salmonella. In Europe, 75% of chicken sold is infected and in the US 60%. It is estimated that the US has some 2,000,000 cases of food poisoning as the result of consuming salmonella costing $2,540 million annually. Even in relatively advanced countries like the United Kingdom the authorities admit that the food contamination problem is out of control stating: the multiplicity of potential routes of contamination makes the elimination of microbiological contamination from poultry being presented for slaughter a virtual impossibility. This need not be the case as has been demonstrated in Sweden. There it has taken 20 years of ruthless killing of any flock with a salmonella infection to achieve 99% of flocks free of salmonella. Poultry costs more as a result but the Swedish authorities and consumers clearly believe this is worth paying.

Nepal is a very diverse country, within its borders there are 127 spoken languages, 125 ethnic groups, three ecosystems, numerous social castes, and when dealing with politics, over 120 political parties. While Nepal does host a plethora of political parties, there are three that stand out as the most noteworthy. These are the Maoists, Marxist-Leninist party, and the Nepali-Congress party (Harris, 2013a). The Maoists are the political party that fought against, and won, against the Hindu monarchy during the civil war that lasted a decade; this civil war ended in 2006 with the defeat of the Hindu monarchy (Harris, 2013b). The Maoists appear to be the most active group when it comes to civil disobedience. During the elections, they were responsible for bombings, force road closures, and even abductions in an effort to prevent the citizens of Nepal from voting (Harris, 2013a). In spite of these acts of disobedience, the Maoist party was still able to secure a minority in the CA (Harris, 2013b). Then there is the Marxist-Leninist part whose doctrine follows that of the leaders of Russia Marx and Lenin. In their charter, they aim to unite the lower class citizens and those of unfavorable castes and give them a political voice which has, up until recently, been overlooked (Communist Party, 2011). Finally, there is the Nepali-Congress party, who are the most central of the prominent political parties. The Nepali-Congress was also

Nepal is a country of highly diverse and rich geography, culture, and religions. It has an extreme topography and rich biodiversity that accumulates hill, mountain and plain region. Though enriched, Nepal has made no significant remark in prevailing years so far the development sector is concerned. Poverty had and has been knocking the doors, refraining development to enter into the glazing hopes of poor people in Nepal. With a fluctuating earning of $1 day and less justifies the wholesome situation of Nepal. (Yogendra Prasad, 2006)

Due to the possibility the food contamination from the farm (harvesting or abattoir) to people's consumption (finished product and storage), the food production must be regulated to guarantee the quality of the nutrition (Arpaia, 2017). Therefore, the food producers and the distributors need to follow some rules to prevent food poisoning because this is an important threat to human health (Mani et al., 2017). For instance, in

Chicken culling is a major problem in today's chicken industry. Chicken culling is when the chicken factories throw the male chickens away by grinding them up because they give no purpose. These factories only keep female chickens because of their ability to lay eggs and produce more breast meat. Culling chickens is a problem because male chickens could induce a major use to our chicken intake. There are billions of people in the world and it is increasing more and more everyday, which require food to survive, so the world is expected to be in food shortage by 2050. This is why we need to stop culling chickens and utilise the meat that we have. I want to get rid of this problem so we don’t run out of food and so we don’t get to the point where it is considered animal cruelty.

Over the decades, numerous cases of food illness have occurred in the U.S due to poor hygiene in the workplace. Did you know that currently Santa Cruz and San Diego are experiencing a Hepatitis A outbreak? “ The contagious, liver-damaging illness has infected at least 568 people since November, mainly in San Diego, Santa Cruz and Los Angeles counties”(sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com). Like Hepatitis, E. Coli can be transferred via unsanitary conditions as well. The illnesses are prevalent in our environments today because industrial food companies have failed to protect our own safety, causing thousands of deaths from illnesses such as E. Coli and Salmonella. The failure to create any change is incredible being that “ foodborne illnesses kill approximately 5,000 Americans a year”(Crawford). However, consumers should not be the only ones concerned with the problem; producers should also take notice, being that it can also affect them both economically and physically.Thus, it is vital for we the people to stand up and speak out against poor hygiene in order to provoke a change.

In the food industry, producers conventionally engage in two forms of environmental monitoring to assess the possibility of contamination. This includes the monitoring of hygiene and pathogens. These two parameters are essential in ensuring that the food that is being produced is safe for consumption and that proper processing techniques are being implemented. If a detection of a pathogen occurs through environmental sampling, it is paramount that the processing facility responds promptly to prevent foodborne illness outbreaks.

The manufacturing sector in Nepal is small contributing 8% of its share to the total G.D.P. It consists mainly of small industries. Capital goods industries are few in number. Most of the sectors manufacture food even though the structure is changing. This sector consists of five sub-sectors namely