A Brief Note On Sepsis And Septic Shock

Sepsis is a rapidly progressive illness that must be treated early with antibiotics and supportive care.

1.18. From a nursing perspective identify at least four (4) potential problems of a patient in acute respiratory distress,

Severe sepsis and septic shock are major healthcare complications that affect millions of individuals worldwide each year, killing approximately one in four and is growing in incidence. Similar to acute myocardial infarction or stroke, the quickness of appropriate treatment administration, especially in the initial hours after severe sepsis development, is crucial and will most likely influence the patient’s outcome (Dellinger, et al., 2013, p. 583).

Sepsis-3 focuses specifically on the role of organ dysfunction as its pathological feature of host response. Identification of organ dysfunction requires identification of specific diagnostic criteria. The current diagnostic tests (SOFA and qSOFA) establishes or excludes the diagnosis through nonspecific discoveries of acute illness during its early stage. The problem with this is that sepsis varies in severity from patient to patient. Practitioners want a set of clinical criteria that can reliably be used to make clinical decisions (Angus, 2016, p. 14). They want a test guide as well as a therapeutic guide, with the ability to modulate host response (Marshall, 2016, p. 1459). They seek something Sepsis-3 does not offer - a further refinement

The most susceptible types of patients are those with immunocompromised systems who from severe underlying diseases such as diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus or chronic pulmonary obstruction and as a result are hospitalized for long term treatment. [2][4] Most but not all studies have found a higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals in general and in intensive care units (ICUs) in particular than in the

Sepsis is a critical condition caused by an overreacting immune response to an infection. Most of the time, such infection are caused by bacteria. When a person is being infected, chemicals are released into the bloodstream to fight off infection. This may result in multiples inflammation found within the body. Inflammation can trigger a cascade of event which may cause multiple organ damage, leading to multiple failure of organs where the body is unable to function normally. In worst scenario, infection can lead to an increase in low blood pressure which rapidly leads to the failure of several organs causing death. Besides causing inflammation, it also causes increased in coagulation, decreased fibrinolysis and decreases the

Sepsis will be defined as SIRS with positive microbiological cultures whether respiratory, blood, or urine. Participants in the suspected sepsis group are those who meet SIRS criteria but have negative microbiological findings but have positive screening results such as elevated lactate, glycemic instability, thrombocytopenia, or abnormal radiological findings such as consolidation on chest x-ray, patchy infiltrates, etc. Finally, septic shock will be defined as sepsis with hemodynamic instability as evidenced by persistent hypotension despite fluid resuscitation measures and the need for inotropic or vasoactive infusions (Asadi,

Sepsis was known in the old days as "blood Poisoning" because it is " A poisoning of the system by disease carrying bacteria and their toxins absorbed into the bloodstream, as from festering wounds," according to the World Book Encyclopedia Dictionary. 1 Because Sepsis is a severe and often fatal disease and thought to cause 44,000 deaths a year, it is most important that it be recognized early and treated aggressively with utmost and urgent care. If not treated early it can lead to shock and multiple organ failure and even death. It kills more people than breast, bowel, and prostate cancer combined; however, it can be treated successfully if detected early on. 2. Erin Dean Sepsis does not arise on its own. It stems from another medical condition such as an infection in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, abdomen (such as appendicitis) or other part of the body. Invasive medical procedures like the insertion of a vascular catheter can introduce bacteria into the bloodstream and bring on the condition. Many different types of microbes can cause sepsis, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, but bacteria are the most common culprits. Severe cases often result from a body-wide infection that spreads through the bloodstream, but sepsis can also stem from a localized infection.

Each year, over 750,000 are documented with mortality rate as high as 50% (Angus, Linde-Zwirble, Lidicker, Clermont & Pinsky, 2001). It is the 10th leading cause of death in United States. Globally, it is responsible for significantly higher number of deaths than aids, breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. Results from the National Hospital Discharge Survey in 2008 showed patients admitted with sepsis had a greater length of stay and a mortality rate eight times greater than patients admitted with other diagnoses (Hall, Williams, DeFrances, & Golosinskiy, 2011).

Sepsis is one of the oldest diseases and has the most ambiguous and tricky syndromes in medicine. Hippocrates believed that sepsis was the case where the flesh gets deteriorated and decayed. Galen, a prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire, considered sepsis an admirable event, which is crucial for the healing of wounds. After the germ theory was confirmed by Pasteur and others, sepsis definition shifted to a systemic infection which was defined as “blood poisoning”, and it was believed that sepsis was the result of invasion of a pathologic organism to a host and then its spread in the bloodstream. With the arrival of modern antibiotics, the germ theory was found that it did not fully explained the full pathogenesis of sepsis, and it was also found that many septic patients passed away despite the eradication of the pathogen. So the researchers suggested that the host and not the pathogen is responsible for driving the pathogenesis of sepsis.

More than one million Americans get sepsis each year and twenty-eight to fifty percent of those people die. Sepsis is a medical condition caused by an overwhelming immune response to an infection that is often diagnosed too late. The inflammation caused from this unpredictable disease, leads to blood clots and leaky vessels, which results in weak blood flow, and damages organs. It usually stems from other infections as well as medical conditions in the body and is a major challenge in the ICU. Bacteria is the most common cause but viruses and fungi are causing factors as well. Since sepsis is so hard to diagnose, researchers are trying to find a way to catch this disease early.

The review presents different aspects of the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock, particularly, the scenarios of sepsis development dependent upon bacterial resistance to killing by oxidation in the bloodstream. The manuscript shows a neglected factor in sepsis pathogenesis: oxidation of plasma components by oxygen released from erythrocytes. It also attracts the attention of readers to: 1) the role of erythrocytes in the clearing of bacteria from the bloodstream in bacteremia and sepsis; 2) the mechanisms of bacterial defense against killing by oxidation in the bloodstream; 3) the consequences of colonization of the inner space of erythrocytes by bacteria and the problems of antibacterial therapy in case of available bacterial reservoir

Sepsis is a serious life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s overwhelming immune response to a widespread infection begins to injure its own tissues and organs (Hinkle & Cheever, 2014). At the cellular level, sepsis is characterized by changes in the function of endothelial tissue, in the coagulation process, and blood flow. These changes are initiated by the cellular release of pro-inflammatory substances known as cytokines in response to the presence of infectious microorganisms. The cytokines then interact with the endothelial cells, which results in damage and even possible death of those endothelial cells. As a result, coagulation factors become activated, which in combination with endothelial damage, may hinder blood flow

Sepsis is the immune response to the body’s defense against the infection. The disease is commonly caused by bacterial infections but can also be caused by other factors and usually begins in the lungs, abdomen, or urinary tract. The virus can be spread anywhere in the body as well as enter anywhere in the body with incidents as minor as scraping your knee or nicking yourself with a bad razor. Since sepsis is so common, the risk of getting the infection is greater when people

Septic shock results from bacteria that multiply in the blood and then releases toxins that decrease blood pressure, thus, impairing blood flow to cells, tissues and organs. It is an acute infection, usually systemic, that overwhelms the body (toxic shock syndrome) (Huether & Mccance, 2012). This