A Brief Note On ' Tennis Hit '

The fibula (slender long bone that lies parallel with and on the lateral side of the

In order for maximum force to be generated, a tennis player needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement. The tennis serve begins with flexion of the knee joint caused by the hamstrings. Then comes extension of the knees as well as hip flexion to start the movement - both of these movements are initiated by the quadriceps. The Erector Spinae muscle causes trunk extension to allow the abdominals to fully flex the trunk and generate the force that is then transferred to the upper body. The deltoids and pectorals major are used to flex the shoulder. These muscles are used to accelerate the whole arm while also stabilising the shoulder. Once the arm has begun to accelerate towards the ball, the tricep brachii is then used to

Tennis serve is the shot that starts off the point. It is normally instigated by pitching the ball into the air and thumping it into the diagonally opposite service box exclusive of touching the net. This act is attained underhand or overhead. It is the only attempt where a player takes his time to position up, instead of reacting to an opponent’s shot. In doing this, high percentages of the efforts are normally exerted at the upper extremity of the body, while the rest at the lower extremity of the body. the serves comes in five main types of which includes; cannonball or flat serve, topspin-slice serve, slice serve, American twist serve and the topspin serve. The paper will focus on the some of the types of the serves and the ways in which the upper extremity are involved in the game. With this, it will look at the movements that occur at each of the upper extremity together with the muscles that are in use at the joints.

While looking through the three lenses of family, biogenetic, sociolegal, and role lens, it is very hard to limit yourself to only agree with one. However, while studying these three ideas I have come to the consensus that the most prominent and practical lens to look through is the sociolegal lens. Although one cannot discredit the family values of others, throughout my lifetime I have experienced sociolegal family lifestyles. An area in my life that I have seen this lens play a huge role is throughout my tennis career. A unique experience that I have been able to be apart of throughout my college adventure revolves around Mizzou athletics. Playing tennis here at the University has been one of the most rewarding

“The analysis of movement provides an athlete with optimal development as well as minimising the risk of developing injuries through the incorrect execution of a movement” (Ackland, Elliott & Bloomfield, 2009, p 301).

Humerus, Radius, Ulana (arms): To support your wrist and fingers when hitting the ball, it also provides power when hitting the ball.

during these movements, the angles of those joints, as well as the muscles involved during the

Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder abduction and flexion while in the air.

Once the ball is fielded, the athlete will jump forward off of their right leg if they a right handed thrower to continue their momentum towards the target. The important parts of this stage are fielding the ball cleanly and continuing all of their momentum forward. These are the two things coaches and players are really looking to accomplish. The momentum will be talked about later in the paper as it is one of the important biomechanical concepts incorporated in this movement. In this stage, the athlete will field the ball with their glove positioned directly under their shoulder with the webbing of the glove on the ground. This is to make sure the ball rolls into the glove and not under it. The athlete is flexed at both the hips, knees and spine to accomplish getting the glove on the ground. With the hips being flexed, this means the athlete’s pelvis will be anteriorly rotated. The right ankle will be dorsiflexed and the left ankle will be plantarflexed so the athlete can continue his momentum forward to get power on his throw. The glove hand wrist is neither flexed or extended but in a neutral position. The fingers of the glove are extended though in order to open up the webbing of the glove and trap the ball inside. The forearm is supinated to allow for the webbing to be opened towards where the ball is coming from. The athlete’s elbow is extended and their shoulder is flexed on

(Hewett, 2005) Compared with male athletes, female athletes tend to generate greater abduction loads during cutting and landing, which may, in part, explain the discrepancy in injury rates observed between the sexes. (McLean S.G, 2005-2007) In regards to planes of motion, the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles have the potential to provide dynamic frontal-plane knee stability because of their abduction and/or adduction moment arms. (Lloyd D.G 2001) Exercising a neuromuscular biomechanical model, noted that the quadriceps and hamstrings not only have the potential to support frontal-plane moments but also actually do provide support to abduction-adduction moments (Lloyd D.G

The shoulder is made up of two bones: the ball end called the humerus and the socket end called the scapula. It is held together by a semi complex series

The other two small bones that run together with the tibia are called the fibula and patella known as the long thin bone and kneecap. All these four bones are part of the lower limbs and they give the knee its stability, strength, and its flexibility. The main function of ligaments is to attach bones to bones and give the knee its stability and strength. Ligaments are very strong which means they are not very flexibly there are five main ligaments found in the knee the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial Collateral Ligament, lateral Collateral Ligament, and the patellar ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament which is most commonly known as the ACL is found inside the knee and in front of the PCL posterior cruciate ligament. The ACL attaches to the shin bone (tibia) and the thigh bone (femur) at the center of the knee its function is to limit rotation and forward motion of the shin bone (tibia). The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the strongest ligament out of the rest of the ligaments found in the knee it attaches the shine and the femur just like the ACL; it is also found deep inside the knee behind the

The knee is a hinge joint which gives the legs mobility. The muscles and ligaments of this joint allows flexion and extension of the leg. “Because the knee supports the majority of the body weight, it is at risk of overuse and traumatic injuries” (France). The knee is composed of 3 major bones; the femur, tibia, and the fibula. The femur is the biggest bone in the human body, the inferior end flares out into two rounded landmarks called femoral condyles. Their name comes from the side of the body they are on, which is where we get Lateral Femoral Condyle and Media Femoral Condyle. Superiorly to these condlyes are the medial and lateral femoral epicondyles. The bones inferior to the femur are the Tibia and Fibula. The superior end of the Tibia flares out into slightly concave structures called the Tibial Plateaus. A crescent wedge shape of cartilage sits in each plateau. These are the Medial Meniscus and the Lateral Meniscus. This cartilage acts as a shock absorber and distributes forces. “The menisci are bathed by the synovial fluid of the knee” (France). The meniscus is what separates the each side of the Tibia and Femur and the transverse ligament connects each menisci. There is a circular bone on the

Despite the Muscular system playing a large role when playing tennis the skeletal system also play a major role. This is because the skeletal system supports your body, hence it also give your body a more expanded structure and also protects major organs like your lungs and heart. Furthermore, it produces blood cells for the body to function and this also creates a place for the minerals to be stored. Some major bones used in tennis are your fingers, arms, hips, wrists, shoulders, knees, feet and ankles. Some bones that are mainly used are the

Learning how to hit is one of the many key things to learn in volleyball. Hitting is also one of the first things you learn how to do. There are many different techniques and ways to learn. The basic form of hitting is the easiest and simplest to learn.