A Brief Note On Tetanus And The Pediatric Emergency Department

occurs as a response to injuries and introduction of foreign environment into the body of

TdaP is a vaccine that protect from tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis.TdaP is cause by bacteria. TdaP is an inactive vaccine. Diphtheria and pertussis is spread from person to person through secretions from coughing or sneezing. Tetanus goes in the body through open areas such as cuts, wounds or scratches. This vaccine is given to adolescents and adults. This vaccine is very important for pregnant women to protect baby from whooping cough and healthcare workers that work with babies less than 12 monts.Tetanus cause painful muscle tightening and stiffness usually all over the body. It could lead to tightening of muscles in the head and neck where it’s difficult to open the mouth to breathe or swallow. Diphtheria can cause

Before widespread immunization, Pertussis was one of the top killers of children in the U.S.A. Diphtheria was no small matter either effecting 206,000 people in the U.S.A in 1921. Now we’ve less than 5 cases in the last decade. Tetanus is an infection that anyone can get from a cut, abrasion, or puncture wound, there is no good treatment option for tetanus (once you have it) and 10 % of cases end in death. With diligent research it is obvious that the risks of the disease are higher than the risks of vaccinations. Many parents believe they need to protect their child from the vaccine and herd immunity will protect their child from the diseases (except tetanus b/c it is an infection and not spread person to person). This is mostly true, but during the height of the pertussis controversy enough parents refused the pertussis vaccine that disease rates rose 38%.

If it were not for vaccines, we would see increased cases for tetanus, influenza and botulism among other diseases. The success of the tetanus vaccine in the army allowed for the success of the vaccine in the general populace. Troops were administered the tetanus vaccine at the beginning of the war. Due to its success, the government implemented vaccine programs across the country. During the 1920’s and 1930’s between 26 and 55 people died from tetanus every year. After vaccine programs started in the 1940’s, rates rapidly declined. Between 2000 and 2013, there were only 42 reported cases of tetanus in Canada. More than half of those cases were in individuals over 60, where they might not have gotten a booster shot, and no cases occurred in babies, which is the age when inoculation begins. When war broke out for the second time, the fear of another influenza outbreak was at the forefront of people’s minds. Due to this, The US government put together vaccine development groups. These groups created America’s first flu vaccine and the FDA approved it in less than two years. Scientists later discovered that they needed to modify the vaccine every year to match the strains of the virus that were circulating at that time and the modifications are still done every year. The aforementioned vaccine development programs created other vaccines for military use. The Allies created the botulinum toxoid because they got false intelligence that the Axis powers had weaponized a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum. The toxin is extremely potent and injecting two billionths of a gram, of its most powerful strain could kill a full-grown adult. During the war, Canada produced over 25,000 doses of the toxoid while the United States produced over 1 million units. Natural occurring botulinum outbreaks are rare, but governments have always feared the use of the toxin as a biological weapon. In 1991, Iraq claimed

Creating a world free of potential disease and infections in order to protect our youth and for the future eradication of disease sounds like a dream. Nonetheless, goals like this make educating our community about facts and benefits of immunization therapy a pertinent issue. Many times, it is difficult to discern exactly what is indeed a fact. That in turn makes vaccinating a difficult decision; especially when it is pertaining to our children or those we deeply care for.

The severity of tetanus has been around for many years and has since been developed and studied differently. The symptoms and descriptions of tetanus have been traced back to the 5th century BCE which hasn 't been completely proven that it was discovered then. Tetanus was produced by two researchers named Carle and Rattone in 1884, by experimenting with animals and injecting them with puss from a person infected with severe tetanus( Tetanus n.d). The injection of animals would help Carle and Rattone discover the transfer

A disease caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium tetanus is known as Tetanus. Tetanus is a rare disease in the United States that is contracted through an opening of the body. Currently there is no treatment available to combat the infection. Per the JABFM Journal Of The American Board Of Family Medicine, published on May 1, 2001, Volume 14, no. 3, pages 223- 224 a case study was conducted investigating the tetanus disease. The title of the article is Tetanus: A Case Study by Peter J. Raia. MS, MD. The purpose of this project is to examine the research and determine a conclusion based on the information provided.

However, 100 children out of the one million were diagnosed with a rare side-effect in which a section of the small intestine would fold into another section called intussusceptions. Tetanus is a very serious bacterial infection that has become extremely rare in the United States. If one develops the infection, he or she is still recommended to take the vaccination. The reason for it is due to the toxin made by the disease that would affect the immune system in the long run. Hib, HPV, and pneumococcal vaccines all help to improve the immune response better than natural infection (Holland).

Dieses like Tetanus are one of the challenges that sheep and goat producers have. This disease is usually related to docking and castrating by elastrator bands, though any wound can harbor the tetanus organism. Treatment consists of the tetanus anti-serum and antibiotics. It is usually unrewarding. Tetanus can be prevented by vaccinating pregnant ewes 30 days before lambing. If pregnant ewes were not vaccinated for tetanus, the tetanus anti-toxin can be administered to lambs at the time of docking and/or castrating. The tetanus anti-toxin provides immediate short-term immunity and can be used at the time of docking and castrating to prevent disease outbreaks. Footrot is one of the most economically devastating diseases in the sheep industry.

It is important to know how and when the laceration was sustained. Patients with wounds of more than 24 hours are not candidates of incision repair with sutures (Ursatine & Coates, 2011, p. 157). Also, knowing the patient’s coexisting conditions and degree of contamination (dirty wounds, bites, presence of a foreign body) is important to determine the possible use of antibiotic prophylaxis (Ursatine & Coates, 2011, p. 158). Lastly, ask the parents about patient’s current tetanus status is needed to determine if patient needs to receive the tetanus vaccine (Tetanus-Diphptheria-Pertussis vaccine [Tdap]) (Ursatine & Coates, 2011, p. 157). Furthermore, ask the parents if they would prefer to have a plastic surgeon repair

Tetanus is also known as lockjaw, it is a very dangerous diseases because it locks your whole body. It is an infection ( muscle spasms ), it normally starts with your jaw and then starts progresses to your whole body. This disease can kill you in fact 10% of people get infected every year and die. Tetanus was well known to ancient people , it was made in 1884 by a man called Arthur Nicolaier who was doing an experiment on animals but it then went on to humans from the animals. In 1924 tetanus was induced by battle wounds during ww1.

A vaccination/immunization is given to children and adults which help to stimulate their immunity by making antibodies (Immunizations 2011). The antibodies made fight against viruses or bacteria that can cause serious diseases, leading to severe impairment or death in some cases (Immunizations 2011). With the aid of vaccinations/immunizations we eradicated small pox, eliminated measles, chicken pox, H. influenza, Bordetella pertussis, tetanus and many more (World Health Organization 2017). This accomplishment was met with many praises and hopes that this would help eliminate unnecessary death from these diseases in childhood. In present time, we have now faced the certainty that some of the diseases we thought were eliminated have reemerged. To try and figure out what is the cause and how this happened would require lots of investigative studies which will not be done in this paper. This paper will focus on getting immigrant children immunized against these deadly diseases thereby eliminating this as being one of the causes of this reemergence.

An estimated 2 to 3 million deaths were associated with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles each year. These are all vaccine-preventable diseases and if the global vaccination program was improved earlier, about 1.5 million deaths could have been avoided.

In the past several decades, the vaccine-preventable related deaths have decreased rapidly, saving the lives of many. Thanks to vaccines, many diseases are now under control and eliminated in many countries. In a recent study, it was found that many major diseases, including measles, rubella, and haemophilus influenzae type b, invasive (HiB) had a 99.9% rate decrease from baseline 20th century to 2006. Even better, it showed that diphtheria, smallpox, and polio had a 100% rate decrease (Benefits vs. Risks). This is a great victory that vaccines have allowed us to accomplish. In 1949, the DTaP combination vaccine for diphtheria was introduced to the common population. In 1950, diphtheria killed 410 people, but with the help of vaccines, we have been able to almost completely eradicated it. In fact, there have been 2 or fewer deaths from diphtheria every year since 1979 with the majority being 0 deaths (Vaccine Histories). This proves that with the help of vaccines, we can eliminate vaccine-preventable death.

Tetanus is characterised by an acute onset of hypertonia, painful muscle contractions – usually of the jaw and neck as well as generalised spasms, (Hinfey, P. 2015). Consequences of acquiring Tetanus without being vaccinated are typically fatal, hence the majority of deaths from this disease being not the younger generations; but the older ones who were never immunised. Everyone should receive the vaccination and boosters every ten years for Tetanus to prevent a further rise in death rate.