A Brief Note On The Dormant Form Of Tuberculosis ( Tb )

Bronchitis usually results from a viral infection, so antibiotics aren’t effective but your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic if he or she suspects that you have a bacterial infection. If there is a chronic lung disorder involved or if you smoke, our doctor may also prescribe antibiotics to reduce your risk of a serious secondary infection. Cough medic ine suppress a cough that brings up mucus because coughing helps remove irritants form your lungs and air passages. Over the counter medicine may help if your cough keeps you from sleeping. If you have COPD, your doctor may recommend an inhaler and other medications to reduce inflammation and open narrowed passages in your lungs. Some side affects of traditional treatment for bronchitis are: shortness of breath, rash, hives, itching, swelling of lips, face, or tounge, and in more severe cases fainting.

Rashes:- Rashes can be a side effect of taking medication if you have an allergy to the drug. This is because the body builds up antibodies that instantly release chemicals into the body which cause red itchy rashes.

In most cases the reactions are mild and if they do occur then first-hand you should consult the medicine box/bottle/DOMAR where it will state any possible side effects on the leaflet or possibly on the main label ir you see on some pain medication ‘’Caution-May make sleepy do not operate heavy machinery’’ etc.

Some of the immediate physical complaints include constantly feeling cold, bloodshot eyes with dark circles, finger calluses, dizziness, weakness, lackluster hair, moodiness, insomnia, no menstruation, swollen glands, weight loss, sore throat, or dry skin. Some of the long-term effects include extreme weight loss, gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, malnutrition, loss of tooth enamel,

Tuberculosis has been part of human history for a long time but how long is a long time? Recent research using genetic data has allowed us to know that the tuberculosis progenitor has been on this planet for about 3 million years affecting even our earlier ancestors (Gutierrez et al, 2005). Additionally this research showed that the bacilli from tuberculosis are capable of mixing sections of their genome with other strains and giving the pathogen a composite assembly, which resulted from ancient horizontal exchanges before its clonal expansion. This quality provided tuberculosis a big advantage that even now a days allows the organism to evade, adapt and create resistance to treatments that were once successful. In order to fix current and

- Some changes to an individual’s physical well-being includes: rashes, breathing difficulties, swellings, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stiffness, shaking, headaches, drowsiness, constipation, weight gain (whether these changes are the result of a medication), we need to check contraindications and medicine interactions before administration.

Headaches, Blurred vision or any vision problems, Earaches , Nosebleeds, Sore throats, Difficulty swallowing, Any lumps in head or neck area.

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) together with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) continuously monitor vaccines for new dangerous side effects in order to maintain the safety of the children being immunized (CDC, 2014). In January 2013, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published the most comprehensive examination of the immunization schedule to date, and the report uncovered no evidence of major safety concerns associated with adherence to the CDC-recommended childhood immunization schedule (IOM, 2013). Thirteen, well renown organizations such as the CDC, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Institute of Medicine (IOM), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), UNICEF, US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), World Health Organization (WHO), Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Pediatric Society, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID), and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and the US Department of Health and Human Services state, that vaccines are some of the safest drugs available today (Vaccines ProCon, 2017).

Adverse reactions to this medication are migraine, speech disorders, rhinitis, sinusitis, hyperglycemia, elevated liver function, elevated serum creatinine level, pancytopenia, bronchitis, dyspnea, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis, elevated creatine kinase, generalized pain, and infection. Nursing considerations with this medication is to have the patient swallow the whole tablet and not to chew. Watch for aspiration while watching the patient take the medication. Educate the patient about the medication and inform them to notify a physician if bleeding

Pain, burning, or itching of the treated skin may occur. Skin and mucous membranes (such as the gums) may become blue/gray in color. Apart from this some serious side effects as mentioned below may also occur: signs of infection (such as fever, chills, persistent sore throat), easy bleeding, signs of anemia (such as unusual tiredness/weakness, rapid breathing, fast heartbeat), change in the amount of urine, pink/bloody urine, signs of liver problems (such as stomach/abdominal pain, persistent nausea, vomiting, dark urine, yellowing eyes/skin), mental/mood changes. Several cases of transient leukopenia have been reported in patients receiving AgSd therapy.

There are certain stages that accompany TB. Primary tuberculosis occurs when it is someone’s very first time breathing in the mycobacteria bacteria. Once the bacteria settle along the fissures, subpleural spaces, and eventually in the alveoli of the lung. This is when the macrophages respond and engulf the bacteria. However, as these macrophages travel throughout the body they can potentially take the mycobacteria into local lymph nodes. While the macrophages and mycobacteria go head to head, granulomas are formed. Caseous necrosis occurs inside these granulomas. Gruanulomas can be seen in X-rays of the chest (Rishi, 2014).

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis is a common infection worldwide. In eastern parts of Iran, fluctuations are seen in tuberculosis prevalence due to emigration of people from Afghanistan. In smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, bacteriologic study is a superior method in following the response to treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the time of sputum smear conversion after treatment commence and to study possible affecting factors in those whose smear does not become negative.

Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death due to infectious diseases next to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with 1.2 to 1.5 million deaths annually. M. tuberculosis infections occur globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one third of the world’s population becomes infected with M. tuberculosis every year. As reported by WHO in 2011, there were about 9 million newly reported cases of TB and 1.4 million deaths due to TB; TB linked HIV cases were reported to be about 430 000 (World Health Organization, 2012). TB coupled with HIV infection has become a leading cause of death for people suffering from HIV. HIV-positive patients are 20 to 40 times more prone to infection with this pathogen. Over the past ten years studies have revealed that five percent of the total TB cases are serious multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections. WHO reported an estimated 630 000 cases of MDR-TB in 2011, amongst a total of 12 million cases of TB worldwide (WHO, 2012).

bacterial urinary tract infection, which is the most common side effect, may occur.21 Other patients

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).