A Brief Note On The Islamic Republic Of Pakistan

Generally, shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock created from silt and clay-size mineral particles with properties to substance we commonly call “mud”. In geological term, shale is categorized as one of the mudstones. Properties of shale is rather distinguishing as it is made up of many thin layers which readily splits into thin pieces of layers. Shale can be used for numerous application based on the substance which exist in the shale formation. Most shale can be crushed and mixed with water to create clays for molding into object or bricks for houses. Some shale can even create cement by combining with limestone. For this paper, we only focus on one specific shale category which is oil shale.

One of the major things noticeable from the cross section is that quite a few of the rock layers are over turned, where the older rock layers are above the newer rock layers. This is seen in the contact between the Quartz Monzonite of Papoose Flat and the Campito Formation which is also a disconformity. Next there is some fault zones separating the Camptio, Poleta, and Harkless formations. We then see some more overturned layers with the contacts between Saline Spring Valley Formation (lower and upper members) above the Mule Spring Formation along with some inferred folding. With a normal fault separating the inferred folding event, we see where the overturning occurs. In between the Cambrian layers we see Tertiary Basalt nonconformities also being folded, thus with that we know that the folding event was more recent than the formation of the Basalt. Next there is a large Basalt field with a spot of the Harkless formation. Again we see over tuning as the Basalt field ends there are the Devonian and Mississippian rock Layers on top of the basalt. Separating these overturned layers from the Harkless Formation and the Saline valley Formation (upper member), which are not overturned, is a thrust fault. From this information, there was a major stress event sometime after the Tertiary period causing the rock layers to fold and overturn. And from this stress event and from the folding, normal and thrust faults are formed. Finally we see that there were alluvial and landslide deposits from the Quaternary after the folding, faulting, and over

The well tested in this project is located in the city of Brighton in Weld County, CO. Well SHABLE AB11-04P which is operated by Halliburton is one of the many wells in the Wattenberg field. Wattenberg field is a low permeability (“tight”) basin center gas field (Highley 12).Based from the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission in 1999, the Wattenberg field has approximately produced 1.75 TCFG, 76.4 MMBO, and 15.7 MMBW from all of the formation above. The primary source of hydrocarbon production in the Wattenberg field comes from the Muddy (“J”) Sandstone formation which currently has 1,900 producing wells. The Wattenberg formation also has a potential biogenic gas reserves for coalbed methane (CBM) production at the Laramie formation

these places, disaster could happen at any time. Ruined wells, ecosystems are destroyed natural gas seepage into the large cave systems, and destroyed land streams. All wells and sources in any gas well drilling areas should be tested by independent water testing firm at the expense of those drilling gas wells(Carns 539).

The basement rocks in the western Slave carton is older than 2.8 Ga and the known oldest rocks are the genesis found along the Acasta River which is about 3.6- 4.0 Ga old, which is estimated using the zircon dating (Isachsen & Bowring, 1994; Padgham,1992). Following by 2.8 - 3.5-Ga old genesis of Point Lake and genesis under the Yellowknife Greenstone belts, which exist over 3 Ga (Isachsen & Bowring, 1994; Padgham,1992). The major rock types include granitic to tonalitic genesis, migmatitic genesis and granodiorites, which have been deformed and metamorphosed (Fyson & Helmstaedt, 1988; Isachsen & Bowring, 1994; Padgham,1992). In the eastern Slave Craton, the basement is not confined but is correlated to the Nd-Pb isotopic boundaries

Based off of MICP data collected from core (Figure 19), the Pronghorn siltstone has a permeability on par with the upper and lower Bakken shales. The lack of permeability is supported by lithological analysis indicating a clay content of up to 50 % (Figure 20) across the Painted Woods asset. The low permeability and high clay content shows that the Pronghorn does have the potential to occlude primary migration of hydrocarbons from the lower Bakken shale into the underlying upper Three Forks. However, this only has a minimal effect on the overall potential of the upper Three Forks as a whole.

Next drillers inject the well with extremely pressurized fluid. The fluid is a make of water, sand, and lube sent into the wellbore under high pressure. Which then initiates the adjacent rock to crack and release natural gas that has been captive underneath the earth surface. The forced mixture then creates a fairway to the well and consents the released gas to flow to the wellbore.

Oil and Gas exploration has been an ongoing project in the Raton Basin, but a quite unsuccessful one at best. The Raton Basin is primarily a flood plain paludal deposit which is not ordinarily an ideal unit to recover oil or gas from (Speer, 1976). The sandstones within the Raton are predominantly coarse grained, poorly sorted, fluvial sandstones which have been shown

The South Brae oilfield is mainly Kimmeridgian to mid-Volgian in age, however on some accounts it may possibly be of Oxfordian (Turner et al, 1987). The oilfield is heavily developed along the western, fault-bounded margin of the South Viking Graben approximately 161 miles NE of Aberdeen flanking Fladen Ground Spur (see Fig.1). The Upper Jurassic rifting of the South Viking Graben encountered, pronounced movement along the western bounding fault as syn-rift extension proceeded (Harris & Fowler, 1987, Gregory et al, 2007). Syn‐tectonic deposition throughout the Jurassic ensued the formation of a distinct sediment wedge thinning eastwards into the basin, outlining the main phase of fault movement down the boundary fault (Roberts, 1991). As a result, the Brae oilfields are a series of

Another rifting phase started in the early Jurassic around Pliensbachian or Toarcian (Chongzhi et al., 2013; Geoscience, 2014; Tindale, Newell, Keall, & Smith, 1998). Exmouth, Barrow, Dampier and Beagle Sub-basins were created until Middle Jurassic (He, 2002; Tortopoglu, 2015) and oceanic crust was laid down to form the Argo Abyssal Plain in Late Jurassic around 164-160 Ma during the Callovian to Oxfordian then followed by the Gascoyne and Cuvier Abyssal Plain in Early Cretaceous around 125 Ma (Fullerton, Sager, & Handschumacher, 1989; Müller, Mihut, & Baldwin, 1998). Passive margin was established in North West Shelf. Rifting phase of the basin transformed into sagging phase post breakup thermal subsidence when Gondwana breakup took place during Valanginian early Cretaceous around 134Ma. During the Campanian late Cretaceous, rifting along the Australian southern margin triggered the basin inversions and wrench reactivation of basin structures on NW Shelf. These movements arose the Barrow Island above sea level and formed Novara, Resolution and Exmouth Plateau Arch in Barrow, Dampier Sub-Basins and Investigator Sub-Basin (Figure 1) (Longley et al., 2002; Sinhabaedya,

The Kaibab Limestone is found at top elevations. Limestone is usually found on sea floors, so this to me could mean a transgression.Youngest rock layers are usally laid last and the oldest layers are laid first. This is what they call the principle of superpositioning. Because the layers of rocks are horizontal this follows the principle of original horizontality. Some of the layers on the Colorado plateau are tilted. The tilting of the rock layers created a plateau for the creation of the Colorado river. There is thought to have been some sort of geologic event happen here such as a fault. A fault happens when tectonic plates move as a transform, divergent, convergent boundaries, and either cause a strike slip, normal or reverse fault. Often when this happens there will be brittle deformation of the rocks but because there was no significant alteration of the rocks, questions still arise as to how it actually

The natural resource industry continues to improve, providing the world with energy that fuels machines and keep homes warm. Drilling is the way the world has been getting oil from the ground due to the efficiency. A certain process can only work for so long and the output continues to decrease. Due to the high demands oil and natural gases, the world has turned to alternative ways retrieve these resources. Hydraulic fracturing is now the most effective way to retrieve oil and natural gas from the ground. Recently, the number of earthquakes have increased near hydraulic fracturing sites. Hydraulic fracturing is both beneficial and destructive at the same time. Several examples of seismic activity linked to fracking

The Wasco oil field produces mainly from the Oligocene Vedder Formation and Eocene sandstones within the Kreyenhagen Formation in the San Joaquin basin, California. The Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstones in the Wasco oil field consist of fine-to coarse-grain, very poor to well sorted, angular to sub round, arkosic arenites. Porosity development in these deeply buried sandstones was significantly affected by compaction, dissolution of framework grains, and precipitation of authigenic minerals. These diagenetic processes controlled the quality of the Vedder and Kreyenhagen sandstone reservoirs.

Drilled by the Transocean Leader, the 6705/10-1 well reached a vertical depth of 3,775 meters below sea. The reservoir is located in Upper Cretaceous reservoir rocks, and found gas in rocks with good reservoir properties.

Considering the above restrictions imposed by acid fracturing, its applicability is limited to special cases where no better solution is available especially in Iranian oil fields. In this paper, one of these special cases is studied occurred in a carbonate reservoir in Iran. This was the first successful acid fracturing operation in an Iranian reservoir which makes the condition so delicate and unique as there was so many uncertainties and lack of experience.