A Brief Note On The Urban Heat Island

a much greater annual temperature range than City B. The most likely explanation for this fact is

The study conducted by Coutts et al. in 2006 on the effects of urban density on local climate of Melbourne found that the move towards a more compact city (as directed in the Melbourne 2030 vision) with built-up activity will not only increase the urban surface and canopy temperatures in high density areas like CBD, but also extend the seasonal exposure to unfavorable climatic conditions (Coutts et al. 491). However, improvements in climate at activity centers are being made by employing various strategies. The available energy is being reduced through the use of lighter-colored building and roofing materials to increase albedo. Also, more and more activity centers are now being equipped with ecological rooftop gardens to increase the evaporative fraction and by establishing within-canopy vegetation, surfaces temperatures and Bowen ratios are being reduced (Coutts et al.

Arguments on the veritable source of action outlined in the paper are the sun, the long-term quazi-periodic process, the urban heat-island effect, and the greenhouse effect. Most of the cases on the natural force have been rejected or eradicated, such as the sun, due to contradicting evidence found by further research on the hypotheses stated. The most

Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist in the late 1800s and early 1900s who came up with the concepts of social regulation and integration. These concepts have to do with the state of societies and how they work. More specifically, social regulation is the norms created by either formal laws or social pressure. The way people are expected to live and perform their daily tasks or jobs are somewhat decided by social regulation. In its most basic form, it’s what is and isn’t deemed acceptable by societies standards. Social integration on the other hand is the extent to which the group or society matters. This brings up the importance of the individual as opposed to the importance of the society. Strength of social ties within the community are big influences on how socially integrated a society is. These two concepts helped Durkheim better form an understanding for things such as suicide rates.

AUTHOR: Richard Preston PUBLISHER: Random House DATE OF PUBLICATION: 1994 Setting: The setting g takes place in two major places. Reston Maryland which is a suburb of Washington DC. and the second major area is in Kenya Africa.

Hot, Flat, and Crowded written by Thomas L. Friedman examines our need to become a sustainable country in not just the environment, but also in our financial markets. Friedman argues that the world is getting hot as a result of global warming (8). Our planet’s average temperature is rising. The increase can be attributed to humans and their use of large scale manufacturing that began with the Industrial Revolution when manual labor was starting to be replaced by machinery (68). Friedman’s next argues that world is getting flat due to the increase in high consuming middle classes brought on by technological, market and geopolitical events (8; 66). The combination of several factors including the invention of personal computers and the Internet, changes in transmission protocols, collapse of Communism, the Berlin Wall, and the Soviet Union led to

These days it seems like you can’t escape the all-seeing eye of PC culture. Every poorly worded joke or inconsiderate prank about race can lead to a person’s whole life being destroyed by woke twitter. Yet, a small made for TV movie known as Windy City Heat has managed to walk on by, unscathed by the wrath of PC culture. By stereotyping almost every minority group, Windy City Heat is arguably one of the most offensive films ever made, yet I found it amusing, hilarious, and a little enlightening. Ultimately, I believe that Windy City Heat uses extremes of stereotypes to vitiate the negative aspects of these stereotypes, and in doing so, acts as a morally acceptable pranks that aims to teach members of the film and the audience to be more welcoming.

#19. The green roof provides shade, remove air particulates. Protects the roof from sun damage, and cool the air as water lost moist from plants leaves.

Every group had its own suggestions for green infrastructure. The most popular method among the projects was the implementation of green roofs. As every group stated, green roofs can help regulate temperatures inside buildings, saving costs on heating and cooling. They are handy in capturing storm water runoff, which can then be used for food production. Group A did a good job showing these benefits, but neglected to consider the possible detrimental

Climate change is a issue that widely talked today. As the National Weather Service reports, the hottest temperature records are extending all over the United States since year 2010 (Schlesinger, William H, 2014). It is obvious that our world is heating. Global warming become more and more seriously. With the increase of temperature, many environment problems occur to have huge impact on our urban life, including: the sea level rise, air pollution and drought. These environment problems also endanger our area in a large part.

The report states that there is a correlation between increased daily temperatures and increased deaths, illnesses and hospitalizations and that living in urban areas increases vulnerability to heat exposure. These higher temperatures in urban areas are attributed to a lack of vegetation, waste heat from vehicles and buildings and the size of the city. Low-income neighborhoods are especially vulnerable as they lack the resources to adapt to the heat. The study reports that green projects reduce exposure to multiple pollutants and help mitigate urban heat. This report was a culmination of 102 studies and research projects from many credible academic papers. The David Suzuki Foundation is a world-renown conservation organization. This report will be used to show the benefits of trees and expanding urban green spaces such as combatting pollution and enhancing the health of inner-city

Green buildings could become one of the main factors to preserve our rapidly decaying environment. There is no easy way to define a green building, but a green building is essentially a structure that amplifies the positives and mitigates the negatives throughout the entire life cycle of the building (Kriss, 2014). There are many definitions for a green building, but all of them include the planning, designing, constructing, and operating of the building while taking into huge considerations of the energy use, water use, indoor air environment, materials used and the effect it has on the site the green building is being built on. The first green buildings dates back to as far as the 1970’s, when solar panels went from experiments to reality. Green buildings were not as popular as they are today due to their extremely high pricing. With technology rapidly growing, solar panels are becoming cheaper and cheaper, making the transition to creating green buildings more affordable. This is the primary reason for the increased growth of green buildings today. A modern company that is paving the way to the growth of green buildings named LEED, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, focuses primarily on new and effective ideas for environmentally friendly buildings projects. With more than 60,000 commercial projects worldwide and 1.7 million square feet being certified every day, LEED is one of the leading groups for promoting green buildings. LEED has popularized the entire

The three problems caused by climate change are, rise in sea level, varied energy demand, and water scarcity. Firstly, the impact on costal areas contributing to sea level rise has made low-lying cities vulnerable to them. Hunt and Watkiss (2011, p. 32) estimates that a 50 m raise in sea level would render Mumbai’s informal communities in severe despair. Moreover, climate change will lead to variation in energy demand. Hunt and Watkiss (2011, p. 33) explain even though winter heating will decrease due to warmer weather, cooling anticipated increasing in summer, increasing GHG

To be precise, there are two kinds of human's sources such as heat and gases emission that produce from the buildings and the greenhouses and heat loses that come from the power plants and factories. The buildings and greenhouses emissions are heat and gases emit from any buildings and houses activities like air-conditioning, using gas for houses and buildings activities, the radiations that come from the electrical equipment. All these reasons have largely impact on earth's weather due to increasing the proportion of Carbon dioxide (Co2). Many researchers may argue that the building and the greenhouses emissions get the great benefits to earth's weather and environment because they believe that these emissions have small weight in earth's atmosphere and keep the balance of weather in earth (1). The air-conditioning systems in summer absorb hot air from the buildings and the greenhouses and reject it directly to atmosphere. Moreover, during the winter seasons, many people use wood, fuel, and electrical power for heating. Because of many reasons, the buildings and the greenhouses lose large amount of heat energy by the walls, the windows, and the ventilation systems. In fact, the effects of air-conditioning systems represent (18%) of the total amounts of Carbon dioxide (Co2) emissions come from the

Due to the progressive development of human societies, their ecological and environmental influence has been steadily increasing. The spatial expansion and higher population and housing density of cities with its multiplier effect on land use and land cover change (LUCC) have been recognized as the most important aspects of cities climate change which is triggered by the need for urban services provision for the influx of human population. The shortages of housing in particular, and other urban services provision is the fundamental cause and effects of development of illegal and informal settlements. With analysis from empirical study in Eldoret town, the study discusses the need for urban land regularization as a requisite to combat the driving forces for formation of informal settlements and its impacts on cities climate. After presenting a series of concepts and definitions related to urban land informality and illegality, standardization and tenure security from the literature, we then discuss the data methods for the study. A detail of the research results focusing on the nature and the impacts of informal and illegal settlement in both the city centre and the hinterlands using the UN-Habitat Slum indicators is presented. We conclude on implication cities’ climate change dynamics