A Case Study Of A 41 Year Old Mexican American Woman Who Was Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes

The incidences of diabetes are growing annually, and predicted to increase within the coming decades. The number of cases yearly is not only increasing, but the age of onset for diabetes has decreased. This means more individuals are developing diabetes at an earlier age. Diabetes not only affects individuals and communities but countries as well. The prevalence of diabetes has gathered billions of dollars in healthcare costs. [1]Type 2 diabetes also leads to other serious medical conditions such as heart disease, renal failure, blindness, and tissue damage in extremities that will eventually lead to amputation. These illnesses, as a result, result in further costs in the form of disability and the loss of a portion of our workforce. However, incidences of type 2 diabetes are in higher occurrence amongst Hispanic groups. According to the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Mexican Americans have an unusually high prevalence of diabetes compared to that of the general population [2]. Hispanic females have the highest lifetime risk of becoming diabetic – 52% [3], compared to that of the average risk of

The Hispanic ethnic group comprises more than 50 million of the American population; this about 16 percent of the population 1. The USA Census Bureau forecasts that in 2050, one out of three people living in America will be of Hispanic origin 2. Hispanics refer to people of Puerto Rican, Cuban, Mexican, Central or South American background 3. They also include people of other Spanish culture despite their race. This paper focuses on the impact of socioeconomic status of Hispanics on the incidence of Type II diabetes in East Harlem. East Harlem is located on the northeast corner of Manhattan, New York. East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or El Barrio. In addition, about one-third of the East Harlem residents live below the poverty line, compared to the NYC in general East Harlem has one of the highest proportions of households in poverty 4 . Relationships between socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and chronic disease undoubtedly have complex explanations. The socioeconomic status has been used to explain the higher prevalence and higher

Based on the United States census, it is estimated that by the year 2050 one in three people living in the United Sates will be of Hispanic/Latino origin which include sub groups like Puerto Rican, Mexican, Cuban, Central Americans, and South Americans (Heart Association, 2014). Within those subgroups, the prevalence varied for people of Mexican descent from as high of 18.3 percent to as low as 10.3 percent for people of South American descent, Dominicans and Puerto Rican descent 18.1 percent, Central American descent and Cubans descent 13.4 percent all living in the United States with diabetes type 2. On another commentary being published in the same issue of Diabetes Care, the author wrote, “the differences in diabetes and obesity prevalence among Latinos subgroups are marked when all individuals are combined into a single group” (Heart Association, 2014). Diabetes in Latino Americans has become more prevalence with aging, by the time they reach the age of 70 years, 44.3 percent of Latino men age 70 years old to 74 years old will have develop diabetes. The same study also indicated that the longer Latino Americans live in the United States the more likely they will develop diabetes, that is according to the education and income level of the person. The study also shows

While only 7.6 percent of non-Hispanic whites and 9 percent of Asian-Americans have diabetes, 12.8 percent of Hispanics have diabetes. Other high-risk ethnic groups are non-Hispanic blacks (13.2 percent) and American Indians/Alaskan Natives (15.9 percent). For Hispanics living in the United States, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is lower in those coming from Central and South America (8.5 percent) or Cuba (9.3 percent), but higher for those who are Mexican American (13.9 percent) and Puerto Rican (14.8 percent), who comprise the majority of Hispanic immigrants in the U.S. (Valencia, Oropesa-Gonzalez, Hogue & Florez,

Diabetes is a prevalent health disparity among the Latino population. Diabetes is listed as the fifth leading cause of death among the Latino population in the website for Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, in 2009. According to McBean, “the 2001 prevalence among Hispanics was significantly higher than among blacks.” (2317) In other words among the Hispanic or Latino community, there is a higher occurrence of diabetes as compared to other racial/ethnic groups such as Blacks and Native Americans. The prevalence of diabetes among Latinos is attributed to the social determinants of health such as low socioeconomic status and level of education. Further, this becomes an important public health issue when it costs the

The Hispanic population is constantly growing and we have an estimated 13.7% of Hispanics making up the United States. “The annual percentage of patients with prediabetes in whom overt type 2 diabetes develops is about 5% in the general US population and may reach 15% in the Hispanic American population” (Idrogo & Mazze, 2004, para. 7). This a community health issue because of the percentage of Hispanic individuals that may end up with diabetes. These individuals need to be educated to help the promotion, protection, and maintenance of diabetes in this group. That is why I have created the intervention program for this ethnic group.

Hispanic Americans culture each have different dietary patterns and food. “The traditional Hispanic American diet is rich in a variety of foods and dishes that represent a blend of pre-Columbian, indigenous Indian, Spanish, French, and more recently, American culture. The Hispanic diet is rich in complex carbohydrates, which are provided mainly by corn and grain products e.g. tortillas, present at almost every meal), beans, rice, and bread) (Smith, 2010).” They diet contains a good amount of protein (beans, eggs, fish, and shellfish, pork, and poultry). Chorizo is a spicy pork sausage that is served with egg for breakfast. Hispanic American favorite fruits and vegetables are tomatoes, squash, sweet potato, avocado, mango, pineapple,

The incidence of diabetes is rising among the residents of California at alarming rates. Approximately 55% of the adults in California are estimated to have either diabetes or prediabetes according to the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research 2016 study on prediabetes (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, 2016). This is especially concerning for the Hispanic residents within the state as they make up the largest ethnic group in California, at more than 38% of the population (United States Census Bureau, 2015). As the total number of Hispanics in California raises so too has the number of Hispanics diagnosed with diabetes. This literature review explores some of the culture, traditions, and beliefs of the Hispanic population related to diabetes and the need for cultural and linguistic competence to improve health care delivery.

According to the profile of constructit, their enrollees do great physical activities; however, 43 percent of them do sedentary activities. Obesity affects 39 percent of the group, therefore, Castro Collins has to consider the risk of obesity- related diseases such as; high blood pressure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. There are 170 men and 210 women who has not been diagnosed with having no major health risk at all.

Environmental barriers, such as, not having access to healthy food can have an adverse impact on a person health, especially if their lives are further complicated by a chronic illness. For instant, diabetes which is a disease that affects at least 16 million Americans; African Americans and Latinos are the groups that are affected the most, as compared to the White population (Horowitz, Colson, Hebert & Lancaster, 2004). African Americans and Latinos are more likely to have more complications due to diabetes as well as a higher mortality rate (Horowitz et al., 2004). Some populations of people are prone to having a high prevalent rate of diabetes; therefore, research done at a community level is necessary to help figure out why

Over the past few decades, there has been an increased concern about diabetes and its effects on minority populations. Type II Diabetes is also referred to as “adult onset diabetes”, and is a condition where the body does not regulate blood glucose effectively and resists insulin. This does not allow for glucose to get into the cells of fat tissue, the liver, and muscle cells and therefore they cannot function optimally. The National Center for Health Statistics reported that in 2012, African Americans had the highest amount of new reported cases of Type II diabetes when compared to all other racial and ethnic populations, and the second highest amount of overall diabetes diagnosis at 13.2%.1,2 In 2012, type II diabetes was the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States, and African Americans are nearly two times more likely to develop diabetes. More than 50% of all new diabetes cases are developed in African American populations, with a 27% higher mortality rate than Caucasians.1

When it comes to diabetes there are no pros about this health problem for anyone. Conversely, there are many cons to this issues. Most importantly, this disease has many complications, and one major complication is heart disease (CDC, 2015). Also, individuals with diabetes are fours time more likely to die due to heart disease, and is the top cause of death (CDC, 2015). According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2014), individuals of Hispanic descent have more complications and disability from diabetes, and there is high importance to reduce this among this population. However, another con, is that there is a lack in resources for Mexican immigrants in self-management of diabetes. A study by Schneiderman et al. (2014), found that 47.9 percent of participants did not have health coverage, and 41.3 percent of participants did not know about their diabetes disease. Staggering results show that there is a need for support in various areas in management of diabetes. As a result, my stance on this rising issue, is that diabetes can be managed with adequate resources, education and collaboration, especially in incorporating folk beliefs, that will lead to healthier lives for Mexican Immigrants (CDC, 2015; Gordon, 1994).

At the present time, the patient has two of the risk factors for heart disease, genetic predisposition, and obesity. The first risk factor, genetic disposition, is non-modifiable, however, the second, obesity, is a modifiable risk factor. The nursing diagnosis that can be applied in this situation is imbalanced nutrition: more that body requirements, evidenced by weight is more than 20% over ideal for height and frame, triceps skinfold >25mm in women and, sedentary lifestyle. The desired outcome for this individual is to demonstrate a change in eating patterns to attain desirable body weight with optimal maintenance of health, as well as to initiate and maintain an individually appropriate exercise program. Nursing interventions for this client should be (1) determine client’s desire to lose weight, (2) review usual daily caloric intake and dietary choices, (3) establish a realistic weight-reduction plan with the client, (4) encourage client to maintain a food diary that includes when and where eating takes place and the circumstances and feelings around which the food was eaten, and (5) refer to dietitian or weight management program (Doenges, Moorhouse, & Murr,

For example, type 2 diabetes can be developed from genetics, dietary habits, and physical inactivity. M.G’s condition was brought on by all three of these factors. M.G’s older sister was said to have type 2 diabetes, and her mother had a history of general heart issues. M.G’s genetic makeup most likely did not cause her to have type 2 diabetes, but because of how she is built it does put her at risk. M.G’s dietary habits are a big contributing factor to her condition, because the more fatty tissue M.G has, the more resistant her cells will become to insulin. For example, given M.G’s diet history, she consumes 5,790 calories a day, on average, people should consume around 2,000 calories a day depending on exercise. M.G is consuming double the recommended calorie intake for the average human, therefore this is causing her to gain weight and her blood pressure to rise and increase her risk of type 2 diabetes. M.G needs to maintain a balanced diet in order to control her diabetes and weight. Based on M.G’s diet history, she is consuming more than four times the recommended intake of cholesterol (1,400 mg instead of 300 mg), six times more saturated fatty acids than the recommended (149 g instead of 24 g), and almost five times more sodium than the recommended (10,135 mg instead of 2,300 mg). These intake values show how much M.G’s eating habits

I weighted her on the Tanita scale that first thing she noticed was her BMI putting her in the category obese for her height not only that but she also had a slow metabolism. Guadalupe had a positive mind that she wanted to make several positive changes because she had a family history of Diabetes and she didn’t want that to happen to her. Guadalupe did a great job filling out her food logs daily since the beginning of the program. In her logs I started seeing that she started incorporating more fruits and vegetables she was not frying foods as much and exercising more often. As I would get her weight I noticed that she was building more muscle and losing body fat, she was so happy to see those changes she knew that losing weight was not going to be easy, but she had the determination to make changes and she was not going to stop until she would reach her goal of losing more pounds to look and feel