Abstract
This paper discloses a case study of Antwan Elliot. A short account of Antwan’s personal background is provided. The biographical information includes his life experiences from birth to present day. Also, specific narratives of Antwan’s life will be used as examples to ascertain or repudiate the developmental psychological theories of Erik Erikson, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget.
A Case Study of Antwan Elliot
Biography Antwan is a 19 year-old African American male. He grew up on the outskirts of downtown Raleigh in a poor neighborhood. Antwan’s father constantly worked to support the family while his older sister took on a motherly role to care for him. His mother was a drug addict and was not allowed to see her children.
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In accordance to the theory “completion” of each stage must occur to obtain the characteristics found in a healthy personalities (Santrock, 2014). Disturbances of these stages result in personality diffusion or crisis (Crawford, Cohen, Johnson, Sneed, & Brook, 2004). Stage one “trust vs. mistrust” and stage four “industry vs inferiority” of Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage one of Erikson’s theory is described as “trust vs. mistrust.” This stage occurs from birth to year one of a child’s life (Erickson H., 1964). It is obvious that overcoming this developmental crisis is out of the hands of the child at this point in their lives. If there is stable and consistent care, the child will gain a feeling of trust that carries on in relationships later on in life. On the other hand, inconsistency and neglect will instill in the infant a sense of mistrust that carries on in future relationships (Erickson H., 1964).
For Antwan there was never a real sense of stability. With his mother out of the picture and his father constantly working, his sister was often the only one to look after him. While his older sister did her best to care for Antwan this care was not always sufficient; often being left alone for hours at a time Antwan suffered from a form of neglect. This has caused several ailments in early childhood. According to
Tanyia also presents with oppositional behavior (verbal and physical aggression, fluctuating moods-anger outbursts, defiance), truancy from school in the 2015 school year, running away from home on numerous occasions for two days at a time when mother is out of town working, sexual behaviors, and substance use (Marijuana). Tanyia has also experienced multiple traumas of being sexually victimized at the age of 12 by a neighbor, forced to pose for sexually explicit photos, and physical abuse in the home (as evident by numerous marks on her torso). When first counseling with Tanyia, she had limited insight as to the seriousness of her behaviors and the causes of her behaviors. Through further exploration, Tanyia was able to process through her traumas and verbalize her feelings of abandonment by her mother whom is always “traveling for work” and always having to care for her siblings one of which has a physical handicap and needs 24 hour care. In discussing Tanyia’s behaviors with her parents, her mother, Ms. Jones, believes that
Erikson’s theory of personality is based on his eight stages of development. In each of these eight stages of
The first stage of Erickson’s theory is trust versus mistrust. This stage is from birth to one year old and is based on the baby’s environment and the baby’s primary care giver. During this period, the baby builds a feeling of basic trust. If the baby’s primary care giver is consistent, predictable, and reliable, then, most likely the baby will carry this trust into other relationships, hoping
Antwone Fisher's first two years of care from Mrs. Strange has manifested itself into a vital landmark in his early years of development. More specifically, Antwone's development of the brain, physically and cognitively provides the concrete evidence to support Erikson's stages of development.
The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial stage is trust vs. mistrust, which is experienced, in the first year of life. Infants learn to trust in order to satisfy their needs thus developing a feeling of self-worth. When infants receive inconsistent care they
Erik H. Erikson was a significant psychologist that greatly changed the field of child development. In the 1950’s, Erikson advanced a Freudian approach in development. He viewed that social development as a series of eight challenges that people have to overcome. Each challenge has an outcome that’s either favorable or unfavorable. The outcome drastically affects a person’s personality. For example, in a favorable outcome, the result can leave a positive feeling. With a positive outlook, it’s easier for a person to cope with challenges in life. An unfavorable outcome can leave a person at a disadvantaged for the future. During the first couple challenges, Erikson believed that the caregiver has a great impact on a child’s development
How does an infant develop into an adult? The answer is not as obvious as it seems. There are a variety of factors that contribute to human development. A person not only grows physically but also cognitively and socio-emotionally. This paper will explain two theories; one cognitive and one socio-emotional; about human development. The two theories will be described, compared, contrasted and individually evaluated based on the strong points and limitations.
Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is also part of the psychodynamic perspective. According to Erikson (Berk, 2007) society and culture have an influence on human development. In contrast to Freud whose theory that proposed development was complete by adolescence (Berk, 2007), Erikson’s theory argues that development is continuous throughout the lifespan and occurs in eight stages. The first stage of development, trust versus mistrust, occurs during infancy (birth to 1-year-old). During this stage if an infant’s basic needs are met by a responsive and attentive caregiver, the infant will begin to trust the caregiver, thus establishing the foundation for future trust relationships. In contrast if an infant does not receive enough or irregular care, or if caregivers are unresponsive, the infant can develop mistrust. The autonomy versus shame and doubt is the next stage, which occurs between the first and third years
If the mother “groomed” her children less often than the child would have high anxiety and high stress hormones in the bloodstream. On the other spectrum, if a mother were to groom her children more often, then they would have low stress hormone levels and low anxiety levels. This relates to Erikson’s first level of development, “trust vs. mistrust”. While his theory is focused mostly on the nurturing of the person throughout time it recognizes the many outcomes that can come from a situation (page 40, 41). Erikson shows the two ends of the spectrum and the possible outcomes that could come from these, showing the importance of nurture from an early age, including eight stages, until
Erikson's first psychosocial conflict is trust versus mistrust. This stage begins at birth and continues until about one year of age. The central issue that
According to Erikson’s first stage of development, “Trust vs. Mistrust” begins as soon as the infant is born. Erikson believe that when an infant is first born, they must learn how to trust others. In other words, their parents are the ones who are suppose to
In his theory of development, Erikson suggests that a child develops a blend of trust and mistrust during the first year of his/her life if he/she receives consistent and healthy care. Therefore, a child needs warm, attentive, consistent, and predictable care in order to develop trust during the initial eighteen months of his/her life. Kim's
This Trust vs. Mistrust crisis occurs during the first year and a half of life with hope being the basic virtue once the stage is successfully completed (McLeod, 2013). When a sense of trust is developed, the infant will know that if a new crises arises, their needs will be met by the outside world. These physical and emotional needs include: being fed when hungry, kept warm and dry, allowed undisturbed sleep, protection from disease and injury, and receive adequate stimulation (Hutchison,
Erikson’s theory of ‘trust vs. mistrust’ will be outlined in this paper to suggest how it can be implemented to support parents in developing positive relationships and attachment with their infant and lay the foundations for trusting relationships into adulthood.
During the first stage of Erikson’s theory trust vs. mistrust – hope it includes from infancy to the first two years of life. The main importance is on the mother and father’s development skill and care for a child, particularly in terms of visual contact and touch. The child will build up hopefulness, trust, confidence, and security if correctly cared for and handled. If a child does not receive trust,