A Case Study Of Pima And Tohono O Odham

The incidences of diabetes are growing annually, and predicted to increase within the coming decades. The number of cases yearly is not only increasing, but the age of onset for diabetes has decreased. This means more individuals are developing diabetes at an earlier age. Diabetes not only affects individuals and communities but countries as well. The prevalence of diabetes has gathered billions of dollars in healthcare costs. [1]Type 2 diabetes also leads to other serious medical conditions such as heart disease, renal failure, blindness, and tissue damage in extremities that will eventually lead to amputation. These illnesses, as a result, result in further costs in the form of disability and the loss of a portion of our workforce. However, incidences of type 2 diabetes are in higher occurrence amongst Hispanic groups. According to the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Mexican Americans have an unusually high prevalence of diabetes compared to that of the general population [2]. Hispanic females have the highest lifetime risk of becoming diabetic – 52% [3], compared to that of the average risk of

Matthews, David. Diabetes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 24 Oct. 2013.

The environment therefore plays a significant role in T2D etiology and efforts to control its prevalence tend to focus on lifestyle changes (Yates, Jarvis, Troughton, and JaneDavies, 2009, p. 1-2). For example, improved diet and exercise programs have been shown to reduce the risk of disease by 50% to 90%. Since the environment plays a dominant role in determining disease prevalence, other factors such as cultural differences, socioeconomic status, and educational achievement would also tend to influence diabetes incidence. This essay will review the contributing factors that determine the prevalence of T2D in the American Indian population, a demographic with shockingly high rates.

According to Zimmet (2001), about 150 million people in the world have been suffering with diabetes and it would be 300 million by 2025. Another interesting study by AusDiab in 2000 revelead that 7.4% of the population aged 25 or over had diabetes (type 2 in 90%) Since 1981, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased to twice in and the total number of cases has increased threefold in Australia (Dunstain 2002).Although type 2 diabetes is effecting all races,it was identified highly in south Asians and also worlds one-third diabetic population is from indian continent ( Jean 2008). According to the report from Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in United states of America, nearly 25.8 million people have been affected by diabetes in 2010 with 90- 95% of them being type 2 DM (CDC 2011). However, type 2 diabetes mellitus which is characterized by the deficiency and resistance of the

The National Institutes of Health have been studying the Pima Indians of Arizona since the 1960s (Knowler et al., 1983). The Pima provide an opportunity for analyzing both transitions within the Arizona Pima and contrasts with a genetically homogeneous but culturally traditional segment of the population having disunited about 1,000 years ago and residing in North West Mexico. Both Pima groups have a history of arid land agriculture, growing corn, beans, squash, and cotton. Irrigation systems magnetizing game and fish were acclimated to supplement the diet with hunting, trapping, and fishing. The Pima additionally forage for desert aliment plants. Data amassed for both Pima Indian groups include anthropometric quantifications, body composition,

Through the course of time, the human species has experience many changes on their environment. Humans have migrate to many places around the world that normally they are not suitable to live on. This event has made certain races of humans very suitable for particular environments. By the process of natural selection, each race of humans have dominant traits that increases their reproductive success. However, in this current time the world has become more connected. This has caused many changes in the environment, which is affecting in a negative way to certain demographics of people more than others. A huge example of this can be view on the native nation of Tohono O’odham and the changes during the decades of the area of Arizona.

In Wisconsin, the history of the land has a various number of stories. The land of Wisconsin has been Americanized throughout the years by European settlers within the area. However, the land used to be owned by different Native American tribes, such as the Oneida Indian Nation and the Forest County Potawatomi tribe. The history, culture, and tribal sovereignty of these two tribes compare and contrast with each other but remain strong to this day.

Type two diabetes is the most common disease today, and it has a great impact on the lives of many people in the United States. Type two diabetes results when the body is resistant to insulin or impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells. The pancreas produces too much insulin, but over time it is not able to make an adequate amount of insulin needed in order to move the glucose into the cells. However, there are many factors that lead to type two diabetes. They are known to be genetic, high body weight, previously identified impaired fasting glucose levels or impaired glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, and history of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby over 9 pounds. Type two diabetes effects about 90% to 95% of the cases of disease in the US (Hinkle & Cheever, 2013). It's

The Tohono O’odham Indians are located in the Sonoran desert near Tucson and Casa Grande, Arizona. The O’odham Indians have survived living in this arid region for over 10,000 years. The Tohono O’odham main reservation has over 4,600 square miles and is

There are some factors that are non-modifiable and create a predisposition to the onset of developing Type 2 Diabetes. These non-modifiable factors include family history, race/ethnicity and age, and cannot be changed by lifestyle choices. Type 2 diabetes is traditionally a late onset disease however it is becoming more frequent to be diagnosed as a young person. Alpurrulam’s student network is made up of 89% Indigenous students alone. “Indigenous people were three times more likely to be living with Type 2 Diabetes than non-Indigenous people” (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2004-05). It is vital for our students to be educated on Type 2 Diabetes because of the high vulnerability of our school population of developing this lifestyle disease.

The tribe I'm writing about is the Arapaho Indians. I'm a talk about where and when they were from. I'm also talking about first years-last years and influence on westward expansion. Lastly I'm talking about American influence on their culture and this tribe today. That's some of the things I'm talking about the Arapaho Indians.

Diabetes mellitus has a worldwide prevalence of 8.3 percent of the population with the amount of new cases diagnosed per year

Diabetes has become a widespread epidemic, primarily because of the increasing prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is an endocrine disease in which the body has either a shortage of insulin or a decrease ability to use insulin or both. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells and be converted into energy. Diabetes can be characterized as a prevailing, incapacitating, and deadly disease. There are a number of risk factors that increase a person’s tendency toward developing type II diabetes. Modifiable risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are just a few. The

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes which affects 90% to 95% of the population. In the United States, approximately 1.7 million new cases of diabetes were identified in 2012 and the disease affects 29 million Americans or 9.3 percent of the population (Statistics About Diabetes, 2014). In 2012, the total financial burden of diabetes was estimated to be $245 billion which included $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in reduced productivity (American Diabetes Association, 2013). Those who have type 2 diabetes are unable to control insulin levels resulting in a condition called insulin resistance. In the first stages of the disease your body

“If someone has Type 2 Diabetes their pancreas may not produce enough insulin or their cells resist the effects of insulin, and in extreme cases it may be a combination of both”. (AuthorSTREAM) Currently there are about 29.1 million people in the United States that have diabetes; 8.1 million of whom may be undiagnosed and/or unaware of their condition. For adults twenty years old or older, statistics say one in every ten people suffers from diabetes; in age sixty-five and older, statistics say that figure rises to more than one in four.