A Comparative Study Of Urine From Pca And BPH Patients

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). PubMed Central, Table 1: Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010 Aug; 126(2): 619–625. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181de24bc. Retrieved from

A sample of urine was taken from a patient with kidney disease was labeled as

in biological samples. The main limitation is that the cross-sectional design of our study complicates the drawing of causal inferences. Within the limits of our study, we controlled for covariates that could confound the association, and we conclude that P.g is linked to ACPA in the presence of systemic

In the UK African and Caribbean men are 2 or 3x more likely to develop PCa than Caucasian men. Asian men are least likely to develop PCa. Japanese- American men have a higher rate of PCa than native Japanese men. This could be because of their diet, co-existing medical conditions, obesity etc that affect the severity of the cancer. Genetic factors have been identified with 8q24 being the most important. 8q24 contains regulatory variants, which modulate genetic risk to various cancers like PCa and is thought the locus might function as a regulatory hub by

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer share a few similarities, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Along with enlargement of prostate gland that causes urinary symptoms such as, frequent urination, hesitancy, dribbling, and frequent nighttime urination. However, they are quite different which is why more tests need to be done to confirm one or the other condition. These two diseases are also similar in the fact that they both cause an enlargement of the prostate. However with BPH the central portion of the prostate is enlarged and with prostate cancer more commonly the lateral lobes or side of the prostate are enlarged, but can affect any were on the prostate. Both can even be detected by a digital rectal exam however

Urine analysis is commonly ordered to evaluate for protein and other urine abnormalities. Women of childbearing age are also tested with a urine pregnancy screen.

According to Ferrante, Shaw, and Scott (2011), prostate cancer is the most common cancer and second most common cancer death among men in the United States. Early detection permits appropriate and timely management, which can allow clinicians to treat the cancer effectively. When detected at early or regional stage, prostate cancer has a five-year survival rate of about 100%. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used tumor marker and was approved by the FDA in 1994 as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (Duffy, 2011). PSA screening helps detect prostate cancer earlier, at lower clinical stages, and with a lower Gleason score (Cho et al., 2015).

PSA is a biomarker that is regularly used clinically for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It was discovered in 1972 while trying to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the research of medical cases. Papsidero and associates measured PSA quantitatively in the blood in 1980, which was stated to be a clinical use as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA exists in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and it is raised higher in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate ailments [8]. Prostate cancer can also be present in the whole absence of a raised PSA level. PSA expresses androgen dependent and so it is less sensitive in older population. The limitations of PSA as biomarker

Since urinalysis is not the only method of testing for these diseases, one could easily complete further testing and experiments to confirm the diagnoses given to each patient instead of relying on this

Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer death in males. Incidence rates vary more than 25-fold worldwide, with the highest rates in the developed countries this may be due to the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen testing and subsequent prostate biopsy in these regions [1]. Overall, the complex morphology, histologic heterogeneity, and the early signs of high malignant potential preclude a straightforward assessment of the metastatic potential of localized prostate carcinoma and show the requirement for extra clinical and pathologic tests for the evaluation of prostate carcinoma stage and clinical behavior[2]

The patient is a 62 year old male who presented to the GP with an increased tenderness of the pubic region, his systems also included increased frequency of urination. His blood profiles were normal except for prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 10ng/ml, which significantly above normal for a man of 62 years (which is 4ng/ml). This increased PSA level is indicative of three conditions, prostate cancer, prostatitis and an enlarged prostate (James Catto, 2009).

PCa is a disease that effects only males due to the design of their reproductive anatomy. It has been said that every man would eventually develop PCa if they simply lived long enough; this is because the disease has a distinctive correlation with aging. PCa is the second leading cause of cancer death for men in the US. The American Cancer Society estimates about 180,890 new cases of PCa in the US for 2016, and 26,120

S2 identified 12,226 cases of PCa and selected 10 controls per case for a total of 12,260 controls. Met users were found to have a reduced risk of PCa when compared to never users of Met (adjusted OR [aOR]: 0.84; 95% CI,

Wolf, A. M. D., Wender, R. C., Etzioni, R. B., Thompson, I. M., D'Amico, A. V., Volk, R. J., … & Smith, R. A. (2010), American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Update 2010. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 60(2), 70–98.