A Comparison Of Life And Respiration For Speech

Q5: In case abdominal muscles are weak, the erector spinae muscles can hyperextend lower back to correct back extension activities. Therefore, the abdominal muscles are weaker than the erector spinae because they tilt the pelvis forward improving the mechanical positioning of the erector spinae. Examples of affected exercises are like squat, military press and dead lifts of which can be corrected by the

In this essay we will consider a few major aspects of respiration. We shall first consider the interesting history of the study of respiration before moving on to our modern understanding of respiration. We will look at the structure and function of the respiratory system including the upper and lower respiratory tracts with a note on the control system. Secondly we will consider the physiology of respiration. Thirdly we will discuss some of the major common disorders and diseases which affect the system with a special focus on asthma. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF RESPIRATION Hippocrates "counted air as an instrument of the body" just as food was eaten. Galen (129-200) felt

The respiratory system, also known as the ventilatory system, is a series of organs found in the human body. The system’s primary function is performing respiration – inhaling oxygen from the environment and exhaling carbon dioxide out of the body (K.M Zimmermann, 2016). Oxygen acts as fuel – without it, the body would be unable to function. Carbon dioxide, the by-product of this process, is breathed out as it is toxic to the human body when it builds up (A.M Helminstine, 2016).

This occurs when the the intercostal muscles contract and the thorax found in the ribs moves

The diaphragm is the main muscle of respiration. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle expands the lungs when one is breathing air in(during

All living things need to respire in order to survive, this is necessary for energy and this is called Gas exchange. This is the exchange of different gases oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). During respiration oxygen is diffused into the cells of the organism and carbon dioxide is the waste product. However there is a form of respiration called anaerobic respiration where the oxygen is not used but the waste product is still carbon dioxide. If respiration did not occur the blood would not be oxygenated therefore energy wouldn't be able to change the state of the cells to enable life processes.

This action is also known as external respiration. When we inhale the intercostal muscles (between the ribs) and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity. The diaphragm flattens and moves downwards and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage upwards and out. This increase in size decreases the internal air pressure and so air from the outside (at a now higher pressure that inside the thorax) rushes into the lungs to equalise the pressures. When we exhale the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and return to their resting positions. This reduces the size of the thoracic cavity, thereby increasing the pressure and forcing air out of the

We move around a vertical axis (a vertical line through the head and trunk, down through our centre of gravity just behind the navel - should fall between our feet as we walk). We know that the wider shoulder girdle should balance directly above the narrower pelvis (pelvic girdle) so that the spine is kept vertical - spanning between the two ...with the postural muscles such as the abdominals in front, and the group of back muscles behind, all working like guy ropes to keep us erect as the vertical box/trunk 'wobbles' free above the legs (with 'wobbling' more noticeable when moving over rough ground etc so more tiring with more corrective muscle work required to keep us vertical). We also know that we need to keep vertical to breathe properly. The rib cage needs space to expand; the lower ribs are like bucket handles moving up-and-out, expanding so that air is sucked down to the base of the lungs, which has the bigger capacity. If the space between the top of the pelvis and the bottom of the ribs is reduced ...such as when we 'droop' or tip forward ...then the rib cage can't expand properly and shallower breathing occurs, with air moving in/out more from the top segments of the lungs with less capacity (perhaps think of the lungs as pyramids - with a bigger base

This crus arises from the anterior longitudinal ligament overlying the lumbar vertebrae and encircles the distal esophagus in a scissorlike fashion to form a 2-cm long hiatal canal. The proximal one-third of the LES is located proximal to the diaphragm and the distal two-thirds of the sphincter is below the diaphragm and intra-abdominal. The extrinsic sphincter component of measured LES pressure is formed by the striated muscular fibers of the diaphragm. The basal tonic pressure of the LES is mainly from the esophageal components of the sphincter, and the superimposed increments in pressure during inspiration are caused by contractions of the crural diaphragm. The magnitude of the increase in pressure during inspiration is directly proportional to the force of contraction of the crural diaphragm. During tidal inspiration, the increase in GEJ pressure is much smaller than during deep inspiration. The crural diaphragm also rapidly contracts during events that increase intra-abdominal pressures (coughing, abdominal compression, and straight leg raising), thereby protecting against reflux that might occur with these increases in gastric pressure. Both the LES and crural diaphragm relax with the initiation of swallowing and the distal esophagus and LES are pulled 1 cm-2 cm upward by the contractions of the longitudinal muscles. The peristaltic wave pushes the bolus in a distal direction

The mode of quiet breathing involves the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracting during the inhalation process. Following the diaphragm muscles contracting, it then travels passively towards the abdominal cavity, resulting in a larger thoracic cavity and an increased lung space. The intercostal muscles also contract, and then moves in an ‘upward and outward’ direction which expands the rib cage and increases chest volume. The expiration process is the opposite of inhalation, this process requires no muscle contractions, instead is influenced by the elasticity of the lungs. As the lungs expand, the elasticity of lung tissue causes the lungs to retreat. This retreat occurs as the diphram and intercostal muscles relax after inhalation.

The neurological support for phonation is similar to the neurological support for respiration. The support for both of them come from the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, phrenic nerve, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve (phonation). Additionally, both systems rely on the bilateral pyramidal tracts as well such as, the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract. The vagus nerve innervates the cricothyroid to move the cricoid cartilages that function as an attachment site for muscles, cartilages, and ligaments involved in opening and closing the airway and producing speech. Damage to the central nervous system might cause damage to these vital structures for phonation and respiration causing the voice quality to be altered. An example of

Like the diaphragm, the transversus abdominis modulates its activity for both postural and respiratory functions, unlike the other abdominal muscles. It is not active during quite breathing but becomes active as the demands for expiration increase. Its EMG activity is therefore out of phase with EMG activity by the diaphragm. 8,11Hodges/Gandevia 2000 and Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson

They support and hold your organs to keep them from falling out and your ribes give you your shape. The last thing that the ribs help you with is your respiratory system because it can expand and etracks. The function of the diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or inhalation. The diaphragm etracks and expands simultaneously with your ribs and your lungs, which helps you with your breathing. It also helps with the air that goes past your it pushes it into your lungs so you do not waste air. The process of breathing is pretty easy when you breath in that's when everything expands and oxygen goes into your body When you breath out that's when everything etracks and carbon dioxide goes out of your

This concept is taken from Block 4, Module 6 which is entitled as ‘Assessment of respiratory system’. The respiratory system comprises of different organs used in respiration. Respiration involves inhalation and exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide between living organisms and the environment. The organs of respiration include; the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, 2 bronchi, bronchioles, 2 lungs and muscles of breathing (the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm).

The muscles being discussed are needed to help stabilize the body and keep it straight while doing a push-up. The primary muscles being examined are the abdominal muscles. These muscles are called the rectus abdominis. They are located in the anterior trunk of the midline. This muscle is divided into two sides and is separated by the linea alba. They start at the crest of the pubis and insert in the costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. There are six smaller sections that