A Group Of Palestinian Jewish People During The Era Between 323-63 B.c

The history of Jews in host cities often depict a story of success or of failure when it comes to relations between the Jews and the Christians in Europe. Historian Jonathan Elukin, author of Living Together, Living Apart, presents the integration as a success process with rare, and special cases, of failure. On the other side of the spectrum is historian Raymond P. Scheindlin. Scheindlin’s novel, A Short History of the Jewish People, presents many cases of integration between the Christians and Jews that led to massacres and brutal endings for the Jewish community. There are many monumental events that take place during the long span of time that oversees European Jewish history, and both historians study and evaluate the events, however, they do so through different lenses.

This book also discusses the connection of David and the Psalms. It is mostly assumed that David was the author of the majority of the Psalms . During the 19th century it was common to question that assumption and deliberate the other authors as well . The Psalms are considered avenues of prayer, and also instruction towards leading a godly life . Furthermore, the Psalms are prayers to be utilized during times of distress . The Psalter is considered holy, and memorization was encouraged . This book also acknowledges the importance of the scribes, and how their traditions were handed down from one generation to the next. The primary purpose of the scribes was to continue the Mesopotamian culture, and to show its lifestyle .

The major groups of the religious Jewish authority that are present in The Shadow of the Galilean are the members of the Sadducidic and Pharisidic movements. The movement that best illustrates how Theissen illuminates the actions and sayings of Jesus are the Pharisees. Theissen helps show that the characterization of the Pharisees in the Gospels is shallow, and that they were not as condemnatory or unified as the Bible presents them.

1. Compare the narratives of Israel’s wilderness sojourn in Numbers with the summary presentations in Psalms 78 and 106.

The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls has been described by numerous scholars and biblical commentators as one of the most important finds in archeological history. (Top 10 Most Important Historical Finds) The find occurred in 1947 when a Bedouin shepherd came across sealed jars in a cave containing leather scrolls. The scrolls which were subsequently brought to an antiques dealer in Bethlehem were purchased by a Syrian Orthodox Archbishop named Mar (Athanasius) Samuel. ( HYPERLINK "http://bible.org/byauthor/2658/Patrick%20Zukeran" Zukeran) He recognized that the scrolls were in Hebrew and were possibly very ancient. These scrolls were then examined by a prominent Middle East archaeologist, Dr. William Albright, and were confirmed as originating between the first and second century B.C. ( HYPERLINK "http://bible.org/byauthor/2658/Patrick%20Zukeran" Zukeran)

The finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls greatly aids the biblical scholar in his understanding of the formative period in Christian history.

Harris, R. L. (1999). 68 אָחַר. (R. L. Harris, G. L. Archer Jr., & B. K. Waltke, Eds.)Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. Chicago: Moody Press.

In Psalms, we see a collection of lyrical poetry, songs and prayers. Many of these were written by King David himself. The book covers almost the entire gamut of human emotion, from sorrow to joy, from doubt to faith.

The “Hymm of the Aten” is a passage written during this period of time to praise the sun god Aten and glorify all of its powers. There are many similarities and differences between “The Hymm of the Aten” and the beliefs the 21st century human. Although many people in the 21st century do not worship the sun god Aten as they did in the Ancient Egyptian period, there are similarities between how the people worshiped Aten in “The Hymm to the Aten” and how Christians now a days worship God in the Bible’s Book of Psalms. According to “Got Questions Ministries,” “the Book of Psalms is a collection of prayers, poems, and hymns that focus the worshiper's thoughts on God in praise and adoration.”

John H. Walton’s Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible is broken up into fourteen chapters. Those fourteen chapters are each part of one of five sections. This book also contains over twenty historical images. Before the introduction, the author gives readers a full appendix of all images used in this published work. The author then gives his acknowledgements followed by a list of abbreviations.

The Dead Sea Scrolls are a collection of different texts that were first discovered by a young boy named Juma and his cousins, who were Bedouin goat herders, in 1947 in a cave at the Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank near the Dead Sea, from which they derive their name. Then, in 1949 archaeologists searched and discovered more scrolls in ten other caves in the area. The texts are of great historical and religious value. They include the third oldest known surviving texts of works included in the Bible and they date back 1,000 years from the oldest known texts at that time and are when Jesus lived. They also contain previously unknown stories about biblical figures. The texts are written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. “Probably the Dead Sea Scrolls have had the greatest Biblical impact. They have provided Old Testament manuscripts. The Dead Sea Scrolls have demonstrated that the Old Testament was accurately transmitted during this interval. In addition, they provide a wealth of information on the times leading up to, and during, the life of Christ (Wood).” Therefore, the Dead Sea Scrolls are important to us today.

“The grass withers and the flowers fall but the word of our God stands forever” Isaiah 40.8

With the initial discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947, the biblical scholar was excited that this discovery might shed light on certain discrepancies within the Bible (Tullock, & McEntire, 2012). In fact, the discovery of the scrolls set of numerous archeological excavations in the areas surrounding the initial discovery site. These digs unearthed many writings that related to books within the original cannon or spoke to styles of Judaism around the first century.

Baker, D.W., T. Desmond Alexander, Bruce K. Waltke. Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: An Introduction and Commentary. Downers Grove, Ill.: Intervarsity Pr, 1988.

Hymns sung in churches today contain the exact wording as the Psalms. In addition to hymnals, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls raised question about the date of Book of Psalms. According to modern scholars, “The earlier consensus that the book of Psalms reached its final form around the 4th century B.C. has been challenged because of discrepancies found in scrolls at the Dead Sea,” (Browning). Also, “The best extant copies of the Masoretic Text are from the 10th to the 11th century A.D., but the discovery of several scrolls and fragments at the Dead Sea has provided versions of Hebrew psalms from the period between the 2d century B.C. and the 1st century A.D.” (Nowell 794-797). The Dead Sea Scrolls were vital in providing concrete evidence of the Book of Psalms, regardless of the questions they brought up about the date of the book. The Dead Sea Scrolls show that, “…in the NT there are many quotations from the psalms” (The Oxford Encyclopedia…). Modern-day hymns and the evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls provide confirmation of the Book of Psalms included in the