A Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

Vaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of the Food and Drug Administration before being used. “Perhaps the greatest success story in public health is the reduction of infectious diseases due to the use of vaccines” (CDC, 2010). Routine immunization has eliminated smallpox from the globe and

Immunisations made a debut to the world in the early 1800’s after Edward Jenner created the smallpox vaccination. Vaccine can be defined as a product containing dead or weakened antigens of a specific disease so that the body’s immune system is able to recognise the disease.1 The term immunisation can be defined as the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the body’s natural immune system to build resistance as well as immunity to a specific disease.2 Whether or not immunisations do more to benefit an individual is controversial. One disadvantage of immunisations is the implications that can occur. Another negative view is that artificial immunity is not as

While a majority of people receive vaccines an increasing number of people are making the decision for themselves or children to reject a vaccine, this is compromising the concept of herd immunity. Herd immunity occurs when a large number of a community are vaccinated, which in case of an outbreak isolates the spread of the disease. As the majority of a community are unable to contract a disease, it prevents the disease from spreading which in turn protects people such as infants, pregnant women and those with weaker immune systems from contracting the disease. Considering the increasing number of people rejecting vaccines, the herd immunity principle could be threatened resulting in an increase of outbreaks; only those who have received

According to the World Health Organization, a vaccine boosts the body’s immunity to a particular disease through the administration of an agent that resembles the disease-causing microbe, which is often composed of the diluted or dead microbe, its toxins or proteins. The agent rouses the immune system identifying it as foreign, destroys it, and then remembers it so that the immune system can easily recognize and destroy these same microbes in the event it encounters it again. It is often said that the first successful vaccine was developed, introduced and administered in 1796 by Edward Jenner to prevent the spread of smallpox. However, evidence points out that the inoculation of smallpox existed in China in 1000 C.E. and was later practiced

The concept of vaccines, basically exposure to a disease to trick the body into forming immunity, has been controversial from its beginnings. The history of vaccines began in 1796 with Edward Jenner, a doctor from England, who performed the first immunization (Alexandra, Markel, 2005). Edward Jenner showed that a certain level of immunity could be accomplished by dosing patients with cowpox, which is a close relative of smallpox (Alexandra, Markel, 2005). He then tried, without success, to infect that same

It is perceived to be a social standard in society to uphold high beliefs in vaccinations. Medical professionals as well as historic scientific research support the progression of immunization and its historical triumph against infection and disease. For example, English physician Edward Jenner pioneered the smallpox vaccine, which opened the doors for more ventures into the world of vaccinations. Due to the advancement in technology of the 21st century, we are able to address more diseases and create new components for vaccines to help find innovative ways to distribute them and test effectiveness. The progress in science has always been the driving force for the development and improvement of an effective vaccine. With the second golden age

Vaccines are made up of a weakened version of the bacteria or virus, or dead forms of the organism, or in other cases, an inactivated toxin that is produced by the bacteria. Upon the introduction of vaccine into the body, the immune system is manipulated into thinking that the body is under attack and produces specific antibodies as a defense mechanism. These antibodies stay in the bloodstream, protecting the body against actual infections for months, years or even a lifetime.

The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most groundbreaking moments in medical history, It created the usage of vaccination to be extremely normal. Smallpox had managed to kill millions of people, which was a large part of the population at the time. Edward Jenner came up with a vaccine that could treat the illness and doctors were easily able to diagnose individuals. The process took a merely It only took around fourteen years to see that smallpox was no longer something people needed to fear. A vaccine is defined as any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing a harmless form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody

When a vaccine is given, the human body produces antibodies against the foreign substance, thus creating a defense mechanism for immunity to occur. A vaccine is defined as “any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing an innocuous form of the disease agent, as killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production” (dictionary.com). The epidemic of smallpox is one of the most groundbreaking moments in medical history, It created the usage of vaccination to be extremely normal. Smallpox had managed to kill millions of people, which was a large part of the population at the time. Edward Jenner came up with a vaccine that could treat the outbreak of

Are at increased as they are not routinely screened for disease, and they may not have any symptoms of infection (Jones & Cook, 2008).

Vaccines not only protect those who can immunise, but they also protect those who are not old enough or can’t vaccinate due to medical reasons. “Herd immunity is a form of immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion

The single most essential development in the fight against infectious disease has been the creation of vaccines to inoculate individuals against a variety of incredibly dangerous viruses, bacteria, parasites, and pathogens1. Following their development in 1796, vaccinations have lead to unimaginable progress in the medical field as vaccine intervention has facilitated a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease and by extension, contributed to an enhanced of quality life for all individuals1. Despite the incredible benefits associated with vaccines there is still the potential for adverse events to occur as a result of vaccination2, as no medical intervention is completely free of risk. Therefore it is essential

Gardasil, the first human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2006. Within a year, 41 states would make legislation relating to the HPV vaccine, and 24 states mandated the vaccine for 6th-grade girls. The “remarkable burst” of legislation led researchers to ask what role manufacturers played in school mandates, and what level of manufacturer involvement in vaccine policy was appropriate. In their paper “Pharmaceutical Companies’ Role in State Vaccination Policymaking: The Case of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination,” Michelle M. Mello et al. argue that pharmaceutical company Merck & Co Inc. promoted school-entry legislation of their HPV vaccine Gardasil in an aggressive and nontransparent manner. They argue that manufacturer involvement in uptake legislation “risks undermining the prospects for legislation to foster uptake of new vaccines.”

In contrast, a positive aspect of many people having vaccinations is herd immunity. Herd immunity is the occurrence where a large proportion of a specific population is vaccinated to provide them immunity, and as a result, it also gives some protection to the people of the population who have and yet developed immunity. This happens as the a large group of vaccinated individuals are protected from a virus and creates difficulty for the it to spread because there is only a small percentage of the population left that could be infected by the disease. It is a very crucial aspect of immunity for the community as the people who cannot receive vaccinations (i.e. people with weak immune systems, very young children and patients who are too ill)

A vaccine works by tricking the body’s immune system into creating antibodies that fight an innocuous form of the virus. The antibodies then remain in the body, and if the person encounters the real virus, they are protected against it. The history of vaccines actually goes as far back as 200BC India or China, when it was discovered that some diseases do not infect those who have already been infected by it. This discovery led people to infect themselves with inoculated matter, thus protecting them from the disease. The first vaccine dates back to 1796 when Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine using a weakend version of the cowpox disease. The concept of vaccinations through inoculation is considered by many to be one of the great science revelations of the 20th century.