A Hypothetical Independent Bioinformatics Group Project Essay

Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project is an international project basically sponsored by the U.S Government. It started in October 1990 with an aim to sequence the entire human genome. The complete set of information present in the form of the genes in an organism forms its genome. Each human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes having DNA double helix in each.

Braun tells me that there are possibly a million SNPs in each person, though only a small fraction are tightly linked with common ailments. These disease-causing SNPs are fueling a biotech bonanza; the hope is that after finding them, the discoverers can design wonder drugs. In the crowded SNP field, Sequenom vies with Iceland-based deCode Genetics, American companies such as Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Orchid

DNA is a term that has been used in science as well as in many parts of daily

There is insufficient evidence to determine how gene expression profiling may be used to guide clinical decisions related to the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Specifically, it is not known how or whether decisions concerning treatment and surveillance are improved over the current standard of care, and it is unknown whether health outcomes are improved as a result those decisions. Further, the clinical practice guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommend against routine prognostic testing for low versus high metastatic risk outside of clinical trials. Thus, the use of DecisionDX Melanoma gene expression profile testing is considered investigational for guiding clinical decisions related to the diagnosis and treatment of any condition.

Decision support systems are ideally interactive systems that allow the decision making physician to come to the conclusion based on a host of information pulled from data bases, personal knowledge, predesigned modals etc. Decision support systems have many benefits such as; patient-time efficiency, speed up process of decision making, promotes learning and training, reveals new approaches in thought process, generates new evidence in support of a decision and encourages exploration and discovery of the decision maker (Bosworth, York, Kotansky, & Berman, 2011). Although these systems require end user expertise, correct inputs and appropriate modals, they also require vast and exstenive information. Immunoinformatics are used to compile vast amounts of data for the immunology field (De Groot A. , Immunomics: discovering new targets for vaccines and therapeutics , 2006). This data includes genetic mapping, protein structures, cytometry data and many other data pools needed by immunologists to make correct decisions. Immunoinformatics face to challenge of compiling this enormous amounts of data in an organised and correct way. This data needs to be mapped into correct diagnostic modals for the physician to use in their decision support system (Barh, Misra, & Kumar, 2010). This data leads to new ways of hypothesis testing for immune responses

Our incessant curiosity for knowledge and answers has prompted the intricate research institutions we know today. Among the volumes of research, scientists have searched for innovations to better understand the human body and edge closer to more individualized medicine. In 1990, breakthroughs in genetic technology allowed for researchers to begin a quest to map and understand all the genes of human beings. A mere 13 years later and just shy of $3 billion invested the Human Genome Project successfully mapped the billions of base pairs involved. With the ability to diagnose specific abnormalities, researchers and medical professionals have saved hundreds of ill children to which their survival was indefinite. However, with scientists continuing

With the use of our ever-growing genetic understanding, we are rapidly moving towards personalised cancer treatment. The availability and affordability of technologies allowing us to gain a comprehensive molecular characterisation of tumours and one’s own genetic make-up, brings personalised medicine right into the forefront of cancer treatment. Personalised medicine promises to be a potentially revolutionary new form of cancer treatment, with the use of indicators such as discrete genes and proteins to differentiate one cancer type form another and enable the use of targeted therapies. Throughout this project I explore exactly what personalised medicine is and investigate the opportunities and challenges that accompany its potential to be next new form of cancer treatment.

A highly conserved gene will be used to identify a prokaryotic species isolated from the body. Fundamental lab techniques will be also explored and utilized, such as amplifying using PCR, cloning, and transforming the gene into a host cell. DNA electrophoresis and specific substrate plating will serve as analysis check points. The final product will be sequenced and compared to similar species to observe phylogenetic relationships.

The book The Personalized Medicine Revolution: How Diagnosing and Treating Disease are About to Change Forever is an interesting journey through the evolution of our scientific knowledge and subsequent technologies followed by a final foray into the most current accomplishments in personalized medicine and where it’s going.

Josko (2014) asserts that the era of personalized medicine is upon us, and that with the completion of the Human Genome Project, and advances in DNA sequencing techniques and

When Eric Lefkofsky, co-founder and CEO of Tempus, noticed that oncologists needed a database that combined the genomic information already available to them with therapeutic data, he had an idea for a new startup. Most people who have never had cancer, or who never had a close friend or family member diagnosed with cancer, assume that doctors have access to data about how effective a treatment is on a specific group of people, but they did not when Lefkofsky decided to establish Tempus. His goal is to provide doctors with the information that they need to make data-driven decisions when selecting the optimal treatment for their patients.

A workshop that brings together computational scientists with expertise in progression modeling and clinical researchers could lay the foundation to address some of these problems to bridge the gap between clinical and computational expectations to arrive at progression models that can be used in clinical research and biomarker identification.

The Human Genome Project (HGP), an international scientific research project, has educated the public tremendously on various topics concerning DNA and genetics. This study has been beneficial to communities alike. As stated, the HGP sought to identify all the genes in human DNA, determine the sequences of the three billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project. In favor of achieving these goals, scientists studied the genetic makeup of several nonhuman organisms (Human Genome Management Information System, 2011).

material of some viruses. RNA molecules are like DNA. They have a long chain of

Unlike Gilead that has only one product in its Oncology line, Bristol-Myers Squibb presently have four different drugs namely: Erbitux –an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist for the treatment of Head & Neck cancer and Colorectal cancer,(2) Opdivo (nivolumab) for the treatment of unresectable or metastic melanoma and lungs cancer, (3) Syrcel( dasatinb) for the treatment of newly diagnosed adult with Philadelphia chromosome –positive (ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia and (4) Yervoy (ipilimumob) for the treatment of melanoma a type of skin cancer that spread and as such cannot be remove by surgery. Like Seattle Genetics, the company products use either Antibody-drug Conjugate (ADC) though in a different version by linking potent cytotoxic to monoclonal antibodies targeted to specific tumor cells or immune-oncology, an innovative technology that unlocks the body own immune system to fight against cancerous cells. It also expanded its focus to Nolch inhibitor (used in blocking powerful pathway that promotes tumor cell survival for certain other types of cancer. (Bristol-Myer Squibb, 2014) Because the technology is similar but used differently, BMS would be considered a close competitor who currently has the advantage of having four targeted specific drugs and 12 other oncology and immune-oncology in various trial phases.